UC-NRLF 


1DM    bib 


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GIFT  OF 


American 
Wire  Rope 


. 

American 
Steel    &  Wire    Company 

Sales  Offices 

CHICAGO        72  West  Adams  Street 

NEW  YORK        30  Church  Street 

WORCESTER 94  Grove  Street 

BOSTON 120  Franklin  Street 

CLEVELAND Western  Reserve  Building 

PITTSBURGH Frick  Building 

BUFFALO  .  ' 337  Washington  Street 

DETROIT Foot  of  First  Street 

CINCINNATI Union  Trust  Building 

OKLAHOMA  CITY State  National  Bank  Building 

ST.  LOUIS Third  National  Bank  Building 

ST.  PAUL-MINNEAPOLIS     ....       Pioneer  Building,  St.  Paul 

DENVER First  National  Bank  Building 

SALT  LAKE  CITY    .     .     . Walker  Bank  Building 


United  States  Steel  Products  Company 

EXPORT  DEPARTMENT:  NEW  YORK     .     .     .     30  Church  Street 

PACIFIC  COAST  DEPART.:   SAN  FRANCISCO  .     .  Rialto  Building 

PORTLAND,  Sixth  and  Alder  Streets 
SEATTLE,  4th  Ave.  So.  &  Conn.  St. 
Los  ANGELES,  Jackson  &  Cent.  Aves. 

Warehouses 

For  the  convenience  of  our  customers,  we  have  established  ware- 
houses at  different  points  throughout  the  country  from  which  quick 
shipment  may  be  made,  as  follows: 

BALTIMORE  KANSAS  CITY,  Mo.  RICHMOND,  IND. 

BUFFALO  Los  ANGELES  SALT  LAKE  CITY 

CEDAR  RAPIDS  LOUISVILLE  SAN  FRANCISCO 

CHICAGO  MEMPHIS  SAVANNAH 

CLEVELAND  NEW  HAVEN,  CONN.  SEATTLE 

COUNCIL  BLUFFS  NEW  ORLEANS  ST.  Louis 

DENVER  NEW  YORK  ST.  PAUL 

DES  MOINES  PHILADELPHIA  TRENTON,  N.  J. 

DETROIT  PITTSBURGH  WICHITA 

FARGO  PORTLAND,  ORE.  WORCESTER,  MASS 


American 
Wire  Rope 


Catalogue  and  Hand  Book 


American  Steel  &  Wire  Company 


Copyright  1913  by  American  Steel  &  Wire  Company 


,*•"•       \ 


Issued  January  1,  1933 

5 


Contents 

Hand   Book   Section 


Page 
Chapter  I.       Standard     Methods     and     Facilities    for    Testing    Wire 

Rope.  10 

Chapter  II.       Materials      Composing     Wire     Rope     and     their      Physical 

Characteristics.  11-13 


Chapter  III.       Standard   Types    of   Wire    Rope    Construction — The 

Strand  and  Various  Combinations  of  Wires — "One-Size  Wire";  "  Warrington" 
and  "Scale  Type"  Construction.  Composition  of  the  Various  Classes  of 
Rope— "  Haulage,"  "Hoisting,"  "Extra  Flexible,"  "Special  Flexible," 
"  Running  Rope,"  etc.  Abbreviated  notation  for  describing  Rope.  The 
Structural  advantages  of  different  kinds  of  Rope,  their  susceptibility  to 
abrasion,  flexibility,  strength,  etc.  Smooth  and  Flat  Ropes,  Regular  and 
Lang's  Lay.  14-26 

Chapter  IV.       Variety    of    Uses    for    Wire    Rope    of    the    various    types. 

Examples  showing  the  scope  of  Wire  Rope  adaptability.  27-28 

Chapter  V.  Mechanical  Theory  of  Wire  Rope.  Stresses  in  Rope 
from: — (1)  Dead  and  Live  Loads,  (2)  Bending,  (3)  Impact,  on  starting  and 
stopping,  (4)  Slopes,  (5)  Spans.  The  maximum  stress  for  Machinery  in 
relation  to  the  strength  of  the  rope.  The  power  derivable  from  multiple 
sheave  blocks.  Mathematical  formulae  and  stress  tables  and  graphical 
diagrams.  Stresses  in  guys,  and  tables  and  diagrams  for  guy  factors. 
Factors  of  safety  advisable  for  various  conditions  of  service.  Sizes  and 
kinds  of  rope  for  various  stresses.  29-66 


Chapter  VI.  Practical  Hints  and  Suggestions.  Gauging  the  diameter. 
Sheaves  and  Drums,  Grooves,  Overwinding,  Alignment;  "Lead"  from 
Sheave  to  Drum;  Wear  of  Sheaves  and  Drums.  Disadvantages  of  High 
Speed,  Reverse  Bending  and  Sudden  Stresses.  Proper  Handling  of  Wire 
Rope.  Strength  of  Galvanized  Ropes.  Lubrication,  Power  Transmission 
and  effect  of  Heat  on  Wire  Rope.  67-70 

Chapter  VII.       Instructions  for  Ordering  Wire  Rope.     List  of  Items 

of  Information  that  should  accompany  orders.     Illustrative  Sketches.  71 

Chapter  VIII.       Typical   Applications    of  Wire  Rope  in  Practice! 

Aeroplanes,  Cableways,  Tramways,  Cable  Roads,  Clam  Shell  and  Orange 
Peel  Buckets,  Cranes,  Derricks,  Elevators  of  various  kinds,  Excavating 
Machinery,  Dredges,  Ferries,  Guying,  Loading  and  Unloading  Machinery, 
Lumbering,  Mining  Machinery,  Suspension  Bridges,  Stump  Pulling,  Towing 
and  Oil  Well  Drilling.  72-118 


Catalogue    Section 

Page 

Chapter  IX.  Lists  of  Prices,  Sizes,  Strengths  and  Proper  Diameters  of 
Drums  or  Sheaves  for  Round  and  Flattened  Strand  Ropes,  arranged  in  the 
order  of  their  flexibility,  commencing  with  the  Least  Flexible  and  running 
to  the  Most  Flexible;  in  the  following  grades,  viz.:  (1)  Iron,  (2)  Crucible 
Cast  Steel,  (3)  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel,  (4)  Plow  Steel  and  (5) 
Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel ;  and  for  the  following  purposes,  viz.: 
Transmission,  Haulage  or  Standing  Rope,  Hoisting,  Tiller  or  Hand  Rope, 
Galvanized  Rigging  or  Guy  Rope,  Running  Rope,  Hawsers  and  Mooring 
Lines,  Deep  Sea  Towing  Hawsers,  Bridge  Cables,  Sash  Cord,  Aeroplane 
Strands,  Galvanized  or  Tinned  Flexible  Aeroplane  or  Motor  Boat  Cord, 
Mast  Arm  or  Arc  Light  Rope,  Sawing  Strand  for  Sawing  Sandstone, 
Clothes  Lines,  Special  Strands  for  "  Messenger "  work,  Catenary  Con- 
struction and  Lightning  Arresters,  etc.  Round  and  Interlocked  Tramway 
Strands  and  Flat  Rope.  Table  of  estimated  average  number  of  coils  of 
hollow  cable  clothes  line  per  barrel,  packed.  Description  of  Flat  Rope,  of 
method  of  repairing  it.  Description  and  prices  of  American  Steel  and  Wire 
Shield  Filler  for  lubricating  purposes.  119-199 

Chapter  X.  Lists  of  Prices  and  Descriptions  of  Special  Equipment 
and  Accessories — Fittings  and  Methods  of  Attachment.  Methods  of  joining 
two  Ropes,  Thimbles,  Clips,  Clamps,  open  and  closed  Sockets,  Regular 
and  Bridge  Type,  Single  and  Sister  Hooks,  Swivels  applied  to  Sockets, 
Thimbles  and  Hooks.  200-215 

Locomotive   Switching,   Wrecking  and   Ballast   Unloader   Rope  with    Single   and 

Double  Fittings.  216-219 

Turnbuckles,  Iron  Guy  Shackles,  Heavy  WTire  Rope  Blocks,  Sheaves,  Accessories, 

Endless  and  Special  Slings  and  Pulling  in  Cables.  220—229 

Directions  for  Splicing,  with  Illustrations.  230-233 

Tables  of  Power  Transmitted,  Weights  of  Materials  Handled,  Comparison  of 
Strength  of  Wire  Rope  versus  Manila  Rope,  Numbers,  Dimensions  and 
Capacities  of  Reels,  etc.  234-238 

Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  the  Wire  Rope  Industry.  239-243 

Index.  243-247 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


The    Properties 

THE  trend  of  all  Evolution 
is  in  the  direction  of  greater 
adaptability  of  means  to 
ends,  and  before  entering  upon  the 
detailed  discussions  of  the  modern 
wire  rope  in  all  its  variety  of  appli- 
cations it  is  eminently  proper  to 
investigate  somewhat  briefly  its 
true  inwardness  as  a  mechanical 
device.  By  wire  rope  is  here 
meant  the  rope  of  twisted  wire,  the 
successor  of  the  twisted  hemp  rope, 
as  distinct  from  the  wrapped  cable 
of  straight  parallel  wires  often 
used  in  suspension  bridges.  It  is 
by  no  means  as  simple  a  contriv- 
ance as  it  appears,  and  a  brief  study 
of  its  construction  and  functions 
will  throw  a  penetrating  light  upon 
how  and  why  it  has  been  respon- 
sible for  the  growth  of  several 
enormous  industries. 

Adaptability  in  an  engineering 
sense  means  economy  and  safety. 
The  wire  rope  excels  in  economy 
for  many  purposes  because  of  its 
long  life  under  heavy  duty,  and  be- 
cause of  its  superiority  in  strength 
per  unit  of  size  and  weight  it  is 
for  many  uses  the  only  available 
appliance  that  has  yet  been  de- 
veloped. Compared  with  its  hemp- 
en predecessor  it  has  the  following 
peculiarities : 

(1)  Enormously  greater  strength 
for  the  same  diameter. 

(2)  Much   greater   strength   for 
the  same  weight. 

(3)  Equal  strength  whether  wet 
or  dry,  which  is  decidedly  not  the 
case  with  a  hemp  rope. 


of  Wire    Rope 

(4)  Constancy   of  length  under 
all  weather  conditions. 

(5)  Uniformity       of       strength 
throughout  its  length  and  through- 
out its  life  when  properly  used  and 
cared  for. 

(6)  Greater  certainty  with  which 
its  strength  can  be  computed. 

(7)  Greater  indestructibility. 

(8)  Far  greater  variety  in  types 
of  construction  for  different  uses. 

(9)  Approximately  the  same  flex- 
ibility for  the  same  strength. 

(10)  Less  softness  for  hand  work. 

(11)  Greater  rigidity  under  stress, 
and  smaller  range  of  elasticity. 

(12)  Lower    cost    per    unit    of 
strength. 

The  above  list  is  not  supposed 
to  be  complete,  but  it  is  believed 
to  be  fairly  representative  of  all 
actual  working  facts.  It  is  appar- 
ent that  except  under  certain  con- 
ditions governing  (9),  (10)  and 
(11),  the  wire  is  a  better  material 
for  the  purpose  than  hemp. 

A  hemp  rope  is  composed  of 
three,  or  sometimes  four,  strands, 
each  of  which  is  formed  by  twist- 
ing together  a  comparatively  large 
number  of  filaments  or  fibres. 
These  filaments  may  be  single 
threads  of  hemp  or  of  yarn  spun 
from  a  number  of  these  threads  or 
fibres.  Since  the  original  threads 
will  seldom  average  more  than 
three  feet  long,  and  often  a  good 
deal  less  than  this,  it  is  evident 
that  the  strand  depends  for  its 
continuity  of  strength  upon  the 
binding  action  of  the  several  helical 


American    Wire    Rope 


fibres  under  tension  in  the  manner 
illustrated  below.  The  action  of 
fibres  in  a  strand  is  identical  with 
that  of  strands  in  a  rope. 

Consider  (Fig.  1)  in  section  three 
circular  strands,  of  equal  length, 
whose  centers  are  A,  B  and  C,  and 
which  are  laid  parallel  with  each 
other  untwisted  and  under  no 
tension.  Let  their  common  length 
be  denoted  by  L.  Assume  now 
that  one  end  of  the  rope  is  fixed, 
and  that  the  other  end  is  rotated 
one  complete  revolution,  still  with- 
out tension.  Then  the  axis  of  each 
strand  will  take  the  shape  of  a 
helix  of  which  the  radius  of 
rotation  is  R,  and  the  pitch  is 
P,  somewhat  less  than  L.  The 
length  of  the  axis  of  each  strand 
is  L  =  V47r2  R2  + 


JH 

to  —  which  equals  2H.     Therefore 

F  =  2^  H,    and   the   radial   force 
per   unit    length    of    a    strand  = 


Now  apply  to  the  rope  a  vertical 
tensile  force  3T  acting  parallel  to 
its  axis,  and  which  must  act 
through  each  strand;  and  prevent 
the  rope  from  untwisting  by  the 
force  H,  acting  horizontally  in 
each  strand.  These  horizontal 
forces  at  each  end  of  the  rope  form 
horizontal  couples  acting  against 
each  other  and  resisted  by  radial 
stresses  N  in  the  strands.  The 
stress  H  may  be  compared  to  the 
tension  in  a  band  around  a  water 
tank  resisting  the  radial  forces  of 
the  water. 

Let  F  =  2N,  represent  the 
entire  sum  of  the  radial  forces  in 
one  circumference.  Then  the  radial 
force  per  unit  of  circumference  will 

F 
be  ,  and  the  forces  perpendic- 

ular to  any  diameter  will  amount 


+  H2  =  S2.  Note  that  V  must 
always  be  less  than  S,  which  ac- 
counts for  the  fact  that  in  any 
rope  the  strength  of  the  whole  is 
less  than  the  sum  of  the  strengths 

of  the  strands.    -5  =  tan  /  =  ?— ^ 

If  the  angle  of  friction  of  the 
material  composing  the  strands  be 
less  than  /^,  then  the  strands  will 
tend  to  slide  upon  each  other. 

We  are  now  in  position  to  under- 
stand many  of  the  observed  facts 
about  twisted  rope  of  all  kinds.  In 
the  hemp  rope,  the  strands  are 
made  from  yarns  that  are  them- 
selves composed  of  parallel  fibres 
of  short  length.  It  is  manifest 
that  the  fibres  would  immediately 
pull  apart  upon  subjecting  the 
rope  to  tension  were  they  not 
crowded  together  by  the  forces  H. 
If  H  is  sufficient  as  compared  with 
V  to  securely  bind  the  fibres  to- 
gether, their  tensile  strength  will 
be  fully  developed.  Otherwise 
when  brought  under  strain  they 
would  slide  upon  each  other,  and 
cause  the  rope  to  "pull  out"  with- 
out the  actual  breaking  of  the 
fibres.  Wetting  the  hemp  fibres 
will  decrease  their  angle  of  friction, 
from  which  it  follows  that  a  hemp 
rope  which  is  properly  designed 
when  dry  to  develop  the  proper 
friction  to  keep  it  from  pulling  out 
may  have  as  much  as  thirty  per 


Ill 


American    Steel    and 


Company 


cent,  less  strength  when  wet.  The 
smaller  the  pitch  of  the  rope  the 
smaller  the  value  of  V  in  proportion 
to  S,  and  consequently  the  weaker 
the  hemp  rope  per  unit  of  diameter. 
It  is  therefore  evident  that  if  the 
hemp  rope  be  not  twisted  enough 
the  elements  of  it  will  pull  apart, 
while  if  twisted  too  much  it  will 
yield  in  tension  under  less  than  its 
normal  load. 

In  the  above  discussion  we  as- 
sumed an  external  couple  equal  to 
3  R  H  at  each  end  of  the  rope 
to  prevent  untwisting,  assuming 
absence  of  friction  between  the 
strands.  As  a  matter  of  fact  this 
couple  3  R  H  is  just  what  is  pro- 
vided by  the  friction  in  the  rope 
itself.  It  is  very  much  reduced  in 
practice  by  laying  up  the  alternate 
layers  of  yarn  and  strands  in  op- 
posite directions,  the  twist  of  one 
layer  acting  from  left  to  right, 
while  the  adjacent  ones  act  from 
right  to  left. 

The  radial  components  of  H 
tend  to  draw  each  strand  into  the 
axis  of  the  hemp  rope.  Therefore, 
there  is  a  limit  to  the  number  of 
strands  that  can  be  arranged 
around  each  other  in  stable  equi- 
librium without  a  core.  Thus  three 
strands,  in  hemp  rope  practice,  as 
we  all  know,  make  a  stable  struc- 
ture, no  one  strand  having  a  tend- 
ency to  crowd  between  the  other 
two,  while  four  strands  theo- 
retically would  tend  to  work  into 
three  in  stable  position  with  the 
fourth  on  the  outside.  Successful 
four-strand  hemp  ropes  are  on  the 
market,  the  above-mentioned  diffi- 


culty having  been  overcome  of  late 
years  by  making  the  strands  of 
special  shape  and  winding  with 
great  care.  Thus  a  much  smoother 
hemp  rope  is  obtained,  which,  with 
a  longer  pitch,  should  be  corre- 
spondingly stronger  than  a  three- 
strand  hemp  rope. 

When  a  well  made  hemp  rope  is 
stretched  beyond  its  strength,  the 
friction  from  the  H  forces  is  so 
great  as  sometimes  to  cause  enough 
heat  to  make  the  rope  smoke;  the 
fibres  and  strands  approach  each 
other  with  a  reduction  in  the  value 
of  R,  and  the  generation  of  internal 
heat  amounting  to  the  applied  en- 
ergy. If  A  represents  the  length 
of  the  rope  before  stretching,  and  B 
its  length  just  before  yielding,  then 
the  amount  of  heat  energy  de- 

T 
veloped  is  (A  —  B)  — .   The  action 

of  a  hawser  used  in  warping  a  large 
vessel  into  dock  against  or  across 
a  strong  tide  strikingly  exemplifies 
these  facts. 

As  a  rope  comes  under  stress, 
being  more  or  less  elastic  it 
stretches  and  the  pitch  increases 
proportionately.  The  angle  O 
therefore  increases  and  the  ratio  of 
V  to  H  increases,  and  it  thus,  up 
to  its  elastic  limit,  becomes  more 
capable  of  resisting  a  given  load 
the  more  it  is  stretched.  Now  the 
pitch  of  the  fibres  in  the  strands  of 
hemp  rope  is  greater  than  that  of 
the  strands  in  the  rope  in  propor- 
tion to  their  respective  diameters. 
Therefore  when  stretched  the  yarns 
would  reach  their  ultimate  stress 
sooner  than  the  strands,  were  not 


American    Wire    Rope 


IV 


these  latter  given  an  initial  stress 
by  supplementary  twisting  during 
the  process  of  manufacture.  There 
is  always  some  danger — in  the 
older  hand  made  ropes  there  was 
great  danger  —  that  the  inner 
strands  may  actually  break  while 
the  outer  ones  remain  intact,  thus 
leading  to  the  gradual  destruction 
of  the  hidden  part  of  the  rope 
which  is  not  subject  to  inspection, 
and  therefore  without  giving  warn- 
ing of  the  loss  of  strength. 

The  main  characteristic  of  a 
hemp  rope  is  its  flexibility,  which 
is  incidental  to  its  twisted  structure. 
The  fibres,  yarns  and  strands  not 
being  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the 
rope,  when  the  latter  is  bent 
around  a  block  or  sheave  the  ele- 
ments composing  it  are  partially 
free  to  roll  upon  each  other,  thus 
adjusting  themselves  more  or  less 
to  changes  in  the  direction  of  the 
axis,  and  being  subject  to  far  less 
tension  and  compression  in  bend- 
ing than  would  be  the  case  were 
they  laid  up  parallel  to  the  axis. 
They  are,  however,  subject  to  some 
direct  tension  because  they  are  not 
entirely  free  to  roll,  and  it  is  this 
tension  coupled  with  torsion  and 
rubbing  together  in  the  rolling 
process  that  destroys  any  rope — 
either  hemp  or  wire — going  over  a 
small  sheave  faster  than  one  going 
over  a  large  one.  By  the  nature  of 
this  problem  it  is  evident  at  first 
sight  that  a  mathematical  investiga- 
tion covering  all  the  factors,  particu- 
larly those  of  rolling  and  torsion  in 
the  individual  wires,  would  be  very 
elaborate  and  complicated  and 


would  cover  ground  upon  which 
we  have  but  little  experimental 
data,  so  it  has  not  yet  been  at- 
tempted, but  it  is  equally  clear 
that  the  flexibility  is  very  de- 
pendent upon  the  arrangement  of 
the  elements  in  the  rope.  Flexi- 
bility in  a  wire  rope  is  increased  by 
the  insertion  of  hemp  centers,  etc. 
When  a  wire  rope  is  not  under 
stress  the  individual  wires  are 
pressed  together  only  by  the  initial 
stress  caused  by  the  twist,  and 
adjacent  wires  touch  each  other 
only  at  the  helical  loci  of  their 
common  tangent  points.  When  a 
heavy  load  is  applied  the  wires  are 
crowded  together,  generating  a 
considerable  amount  of  pressure 
between  adjacent  wires,  and  con- 
sequently compressing  each  other 
and  the  hemp  centers  if  there  are 
any.  Hence,  besides  an  elongation 
due  to  longitudinal  strain,  there 
is  a  lengthening  caused  by  the 
change  of  pitch  due  to  the  lessen- 
ing of  the  mean  diameter  of  the 
rope  through  the  H  forces  described 
above.  The  unit  strain  for  the 
same  unit  stress  is  therefore  a  good 
deal  greater  than  in  the  case  of  a 
steel  bar  or  wire.  If  X  be  the 
strain  in  the  length  P,  and  T  be 
the  tension  on  a  steel  area  a,  neg- 
lecting the  strength  of  the  hemp 
centers,  which  cannot  be  considered 
on  account  of  the  vast  difference 
between  the  Modulus  of  Elasticity 
of  hemp  and  that  of  steel,  then 

X  T 

— -   is    the    unit    strain    and    —  is 
P  a 

the  unit  stress.     Therefore  E,  the 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


Modulus   of  the  rope,  will   be   — 

X         PT  a 

divided  by  —  = .  The  quan- 

Jr         a  X. 

tity  X  is  the  only  one  that  will  be 
materially  affected  by  the  twisting 
of  the  wires,  since  a  is  the  cross 
sectional  area  of  the  metal.  We 
see  that  X  will  be  much  larger  for 
a  rope  than  for  a  bar  or  chain,  and 
therefore  E  will  be  correspondingly 
smaller.  It  is  apparent  from  the 
above  that  no  one  value  of  E  will 
do  for  all  kinds  of  wire  rope;  the 
more  the  twist  and  the  larger  the 
proportion  of  hemp  in  the  rope,  the 
larger  will  be  the  value  of  X  and 
the  smaller  that  of  E.  For  practical 
purposes  of  ordinary  computation 
a  compromise  value  for  the  different 
classes  of  wire  rope  has  been  de- 
termined as  a  fair  average  for 
general  experience.  See  Chapter 
V.  Section  2. 

Still  another  fact  is  apparent 
from  a  consideration  of  the  last 
named  formula.  As  the  wires  get 
stretched  and  crowded  more  and 
more  into  what  may  be  called  a 
permanent  position,  there  will  be 
less  and  less  movement  of  the 
wires  about  each  other  upon  the 
application  of  tension  to  the  rope. 
Therefore  as  the  rope  grows  older 
in  use  the  value  of  E  may  be  ex- 
pected to  increase  unless  the  per- 
manent set  of  the  wires  is  inter- 
fered with  by  the  bending  of  the 
rope  around  sheaves  or  drums.  In 
general,  then,  when  used  on  very 
large  drums  or  sheaves  the  value 
of  E  tends  to  increase,  while  on 
small  drums  the  opposite  will  be 
the  case.  Reduction  in  the  value  of 


E  may  also  be  caused  by  gradual 
deterioration  of  the  hemp  centers, 
in  wire  ropes  used  for  long  periods. 

In  modern  construction  and  min- 
ing work  ropes  of  great  length  are 
very  generally  used,  and  the  weight 
of  the  rope  itself  is  a  considerable 
item  in  the  total  load  that  the 
upper  end  of  it  has  to  carry.  The 
upper  end,  then,  must  undergo  a 
heavier  stress  than  the  lower  end. 
The  lower  end,  however,  is  subject 
to  more  severe  impact  stresses  than 
the  upper,  since  before  raising  a 
load,  be  it  a  bucket  or  skip  or  mine 
car,  there  is  a  slack  to  be  taken  up. 
This  slack  comes  out  with  a  jerk 
when  the  rope  becomes  taut,  and 
develops  an  impact  stress  that  is 
difficult  to  estimate.  The  jerk  or 
impact  is  absorbed  by  the  elasticity 
of  the  rope  more  and  more  in  pro- 
portion as  the  impact  wave  travels 
away  from  the  impact  point. 
Therefore  it  is  minimum  at  the  top. 
We  thus  have  the  heaviest  load 
stresses  at  the  top  and  the  heaviest 
impact  stresses  at  the  lower  end, 
and  for  this  reason  it  is  the  two 
ends  rather  than  the  middle  that 
should  be  examined  periodically 
for  deterioration.  Of  the  two  the 
lower  end  is  more  dangerous  than 
the  upper,  because  the  upper  end 
is  usually  wound  on  a  drum  in  a 
nice,  warm,  dry  engine  house,  while 
the  lower  end  is  generally  exposed 
to  wet,  hard  knocks,  twists  and 
various  other  abuses.  See  Chapter 
V.  Section  3. 

In  a  solid  bar  of  steel,  such  as  a 
chord  member  in  a  bridge,  the 
"  straining"  or  elongation  and 


American    Wire    Rope 


VI 


shortening  of  the  material  is  ac- 
companied by  molecular  motion  of 
its  particles.  In  a  rope,  besides 
this  molecular  motion  of  the  par- 
ticles, there  is  a  molar  motion  of 
the  units,  fibres  or  wires,  com- 
prising the  structure  itself.  The 
loss  of  power  incidental  to  this 
molar  motion  can  be  very  largely 
reduced  by  the  use  of  internal  lu- 
brication, which  is  a  comparatively 
recent  development  in  wire  rope 
practice.  The  consequent  reduc- 
tion of  internal  friction  makes  for  a 
high  mechanical  efficiency  of  tackle, 
and  eliminates  a  great  deal  of 
destructive  effect  of  intermittent 
stresses  on  the  rope  itself.  This  is 
applicable  to  straight  ropes  that  do 
not  carry  a  quiescent  load,  but 
more  particularly  to  all  ropes  that 
run  over  sheaves  and  drums.  Ex- 
ternal lubrication,  also,  is  valuable 
where  the  rope  is  subject  to  corro- 
sive action  or  mechanical  attrition. 
Hemp  rope  deteriorates  with  age 
and  with  use.  Wire  rope  deteri- 
orates with  use,  but  not  with  age 
when  properly  cared  for,  and  the 
rate  of  deterioration  depends, 
among  other  things,  on  the  follow- 
ing factors : 

(1)  Character  of  the  metal. 

(2)  Arrangement    of   the   wires. 

(3)  Ratio  of  the  stresses  to  the 

strength. 

(4)  Ratio  of  the  maximum  to  the 

minimum  stress. 

(5)  Diameter    of    sheaves    and 

drums. 

(6)  Corrosive  and  abrasive  ex- 

ternal effects. 

(7)  Quality    of   lubrication,    in- 

ternal and  external. 


To  guard  against  deterioration 
frequent  inspections  and  occasional 
tests  of  the  rope  are  important, 
particularly  when  the  rope  is  used 
for  handling  men.  In  different 
European  countries  there  are  well 
defined  rules  for  testing  and  in- 
specting and  in  this  country  many 
of  the  States  have  laws  intended 
to  guard  against  breakages  in 
service.  The  practice  here  has  not 
yet  been  satisfactorily  standardized 
as  between  the  different  States. 
Although  in  a  wire  rope  the  pitch 
of  the  inside  strands  is  not  the  same 
as  that  of  the  outside  ones,  the 
outside  wires  are  more  likely  to 
break  than  the  others  on  account 
of  the  greater  bending  stresses  of 
drums,  etc.  The  binding  action 
of  the  twist,  that  in  a  wire  rope  is 
not  accompanied  by  initial  torsion, 
is  such  as  to  equalize  and  dis- 
tribute the  strain  on  all  the  wires 
between  the  center  and  the  cir- 
cumference in  a  way  that  is  an- 
alogous to  the  action  of  the  rein- 
forcing steel  in  a  concrete  beam. 
As  a  corollary  to  the  above,  ex- 
ternal inspection  of  a  wire  rope  is 
much  more  to  be  depended  upon 
than  outside  inspection  of  a  hemp 
one.  If  the  visible  wires  are  sound 
it  is  altogether  probable  that  the 
inside  ones  are,  too.  This  fact 
should  not,  however,  be  taken  as 
an  excuse  to  neglect  regular  and 
careful  tests. 

A  long  rope,  such  as  a  mine 
hoisting  cable,  is  subject  to  vibra- 
tions which  become  intensified  at 
the  load  end,  with  the  effect  of 
causing  a  more  rapid  fatigue  of  the 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


metal  at  the  point  of  attachment 
to  the  car  or  skip  than  elsewhere. 
We  therefore  recommend  cutting 
a  few  feet  off  of  this  end  periodically 
and  refastening  the  rope  as  before. 
By  using  in  combination  the 
qualities  of  flexibility  and  tensile 
strength,  all  the  various  contriv- 
ances of  sheaves,  pulleys  and  drums 
are  applied  for  the  transmission 
and  multiplication  of  power.  When 
a  rope  is  bent  against  its  own  re- 
sistance, work  is  performed  on  it, 
and  this  work  necessarily  reduces 
the  efficiency  of  the  tackle.  In 
ordinary  manila  tackle  with  blocks 


of  good  quality,  the  mechanical 
efficiency  of  a  six-ply  rig,  for  ex- 
ample, is  likely  to  be  between 
seventy  and  eighty  per  cent,  of  the 
theoretical  figure,  the  remaining 
power  being  dissipated  in  the 
friction  of  the  blocks  and  the  work 
done  by  bending  and  stretching 
the  rope. 

An  important  factor  in  the  con- 
sideration of  ropes  is  the  efficiency 
of  the  various  forms  of  knots  and 
splices.  For  manila  rope  the  fol- 
lowing results  were  obtained  in 
tests  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute 
of  Technology,  viz.: 


Efficiency  of 
Knot 


KIND   OF   KNOT 


90% 

80% 
65% 
60% 
50% 

45% 


Eye  splice  over  iron  thimble. 

Short  splice  in  the  rope. 

Timber  hitch,  round  turn,  half  hitch. 

Bowling  slip  knot,  clove  hitch. 

Square  knot,  weaver's  knot,  sheet  bend. 

Flemish  loop,  overhand  knot. 


These  percentages  are  in  terms 
of  the  full  strength  of  the  rope. 

The  mechanical  applications  of 
rope  may  be  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing classes : 

I.  Static,   such  as  guys,   bridge 
cables,  shrouds,  etc. 

II.  Kinetic,  such  as  power  trans- 
mission     lines,      running      ropes, 
tackles,  etc. 

In  the  static  class  there  will  be 
no  bending  stresses,  except  such  as 
are  incidental  to  the  anchorages 
and  splices.  These  by  various 
mechanical  contrivances  are  now 
capable  of  a  very  large  percentage 


of  efficiency,  in  contrast  to  the 
knot  factors  of  hemp  rope  men- 
tioned elsewhere  in  this  chapter. 
For  static  use  flexibility  is  no  ob- 
ject, and  the  most  satisfactory 
types  of  rope  for  this  purpose  are 
therefore  the  dense  ones  of  few 
wires  and  long  pitch,  thus  giving 
the  smallest  cost  and  greatest 
durability  for  the  required  strength. 
A  form  of  static  rope  is  that  used 
for  cable  way  main  cables,  wherein 
the  rope  acts  as  a  monorail  besides 
acting  in  static  tension,  and  suffers 
attrition  of  the  outer  wires.  Special 
twisting  of  the  outer  strands  and 


American    Wire    Rope 


such  construction  as  the  inter- 
locking wire  rope  are  peculiarly 
adapted  for  such  a  purpose,  since 
they  combine  economy  of  cost  and 
weight  with  a  comparatively 
smooth  wearing  surface.  The  span 
of  the  main  cable  in  cableways 
often  controls  the  kind  of  material 
that  must  be  used  in  the  wires  of 
the  cable.  If  the  spans  are  reason- 
ably short  the  stresses  in  the  cable 
from  its  own  weight  are  small  as 
compared  with  those  from  the 
load,  and  an  ordinary  steel  wire  of 
low  price  is  suitable.  Where  the 
spans  are  long,  however,  and  where, 
from  the  topography  of  the  ground, 
the  amount  of  allowable  sag  is 
limited,  the  stresses  from  the  weight 
of  the  cable  become  very  important 
and  wire  of  a  higher  tensile  strength 
and  higher  price  must  be  used.  A 
careful  study  of  all  the  conditions, 
as  well  as  an  intimate  knowledge 
of  the  various  classes  of  rope  on  the 
market,  is  necessary  in  order  to 
select  the  most  economical  one  for 
the  purpose.  See  page  53. 

For  kinetic  uses  a  rope  of  con- 
siderable flexibility  is  necessary. 
Mine  hoists,  for  deep  working, 
generally  have  drums  of  fairly  large 
diameter,  and  the  load  carried  by 
the  rope  is  very  considerable,  be- 
sides which  the  weight  of  the  rope, 
when  the  car  is  at  the  bottom, 
is  a  large  item.  Therefore,  for  this 
purpose  a  strong  high  tension 
material  is  necessary,  together  with 
moderate  flexibility.  For  use  with 
derricks,  cable  way  falls,  elevators 
and  hoists,  where  the  loads  are 
comparatively  light,  and  where  the 


rope  must  run  over  sheaves  of  small 
diameter,  flexibility  becomes  more 
important  and  high  tensile  strength 
per  unit  of  weight  less  so.  Hence 
for  these  purposes  we  need  the 
hoisting  ropes  of  small  and  numer- 
ous wires.  There  is  a  very  large 
variety  to  choose  from  in  selecting 
a  rope  for  a  specific  purpose,  and 
there  can  be  only  one  kind  that  will 
be  satisfactory  for  a  particular 
purpose.  Therefore,  before  order- 
ing any  rope,  the  object  that  it  is 
intended  to  fulfill  as  well  as  the 
characteristics  of  the  rope  should 
be  thoroughly  considered.  When 
in  doubt  as  to  which  of  two  ropes 
to  select,  it  is  better  to  take  the 
chance  of  erring  on  the  side  of  too 
much  flexibility  than  on  that  of 
too  little.  The  necessary  strength 
will  control  the  diameter,  which 
can  be  taken  from  the  tables  in 
this  volume.  The  effect  of  wear  on 
a  hoisting  rope  is  most  important. 
When  used  on  a  derrick  such  as  in 
the  construction  of  a  bridge  or 
high  building,  frequently  the  fall 
rope  is  used  in  a  three-ply  com- 
bination of  sheaves,  and  where  the 
fall  rope  is  long  the  rope  becomes 
twisted  upon  itself  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  the  load.  The  raising  and 
lowering  of  the  load  under  these 
conditions,  causing  the  ropes  to 
rub  each  other  while  twisting  about 
each  other,  is  highly  destructive 
of  the  rope. 

In  the  foregoing  pages  the  prin- 
cipal characteristics  of  the  wire 
rope,  and  its  antecedent,  the  hemp 
rope,  have  been  given,  and  it  is 
believed  that  a  perusal  of  them 


TX 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


will  place  the  reader  in  possession 
of  so  many  of  the  general  facts  and 
conditions  of  the  rope  problem,  as 
may  be  necessary  to  a  good  general 
conception  of  it.  A  great  deal  more 
of  general  discussion  might  be 
written.  There  is  already  an  ex- 
tensive literature  on  wire  rope,  and 
as  a  mechanical  device  it  represents 
a  large  field  of  investigation  not 
yet  covered  by  the  mathematician, 
the  testing  expert  and  the  metal- 
lurgist. The  effects  of  tension,  tor- 
sion and  attrition  acting  simultane- 
ously, complicated  by  temperature 
changes  and  the  results  of  corro- 
sion, lubrication  and,  at  times, 
electrolysis,  offer  problems  at  once 
fascinating  and  elusive.  The  fact 
that  many  of  them  are  still  un- 


solved, however,  does  not  detract 
from  the  certainty  that  as  pro- 
duced in  the  mills  of  to-day,  the 
wire  rope  is  an  appliance  that  is 
wonderfully  well  adapted  to  a  mul- 
titude of  uses,  manifest  and  undis- 
covered, with  a  composition  and  a 
structure  that  can  be  varied  almost 
endlessly  to  meet  given  conditions. 
It  can  be  made  with  very  great 
accuracy  and  reliability  under 
proper  service,  and  not  least  of  its 
virtues  is  the  fact  that  for  the  quan- 
tity of  goods  delivered  it  is  far  and 
away  the  most  economical  tool  to 
be  had  for  its  purposes.  The  field 
of  its  use  and  its  adaptability  to 
various  purposes  have  grown  by 
leaps  and  bounds,  and  were  never 
growing  so  fast  as  to-day. 


American  Wire   Rope 


Ffg.  I. 


Fig.  2. 


'ib  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Chapter  I 
Standard   Breaking   Strengths   of   Wire   Rope 

The  demand  for  accurate  information  regarding  wire  rope  has  led  the 
various  manufacturers  of  the  United  States  to  adopt  standard  figures  for  the 
strength  of  all  sizes  and  qualities  of  rope.  It  was  formerly  the  practice  of 
most  manufacturers  and  nearly  all  users  of  wire  ropes  to  test  the  individual 
wires  and  to  consider  their  combined  strength  as  the  strength  of  the  finished 
rope.  Strengths  thus  obtained  were  greater  than  actual  strengths  obtained 
by  breaking  the  ropes  as  a  whole.  It  was  on  this  account  that  the  standard 
strengths  now  given  in  this  catalogue  were  adopted,  all  figures  representing 
actual  breaks.  In  no  case  was  the  intrinsic  strength  of  the  ropes  reduced,  but 
more  accurate  and  scientific  data  are  shown  in  the  line  of  progress.  With  some 
constructions  and  qualities  of  rope,  the  strength  given  represents  95  per  cent 
of  the  total  strength  of  the  wires  taken  singly,  but  in  other  cases  with  different 
constructions  it  may  run  down  to  80  per  cent  or  even  less.  The  question 
which  interests  the  user  is  whether  a  rope  will  stand  when  new  the  strain 
given  in  the  tables,  and  we  can  state  positively  that  our  ropes  will  meet  the 
strengths  given  herein  if  properly  tested. 

Method  of  Testing  American  Wire  Rope 

The  testing  of  a  wire  rope  is  not  a  difficult  matter,  but  it  must  be 
properly  done  or  it  is  valueless.  All  finished  wire  used  in  our  wire  rope  is 
given  a  rigid  test  on  both  ends  of  each  coil  to  determine  its  strength,  tough- 
ness and  uniformity.  No  coil  of  wire  that  fails  to  meet  the  rigid  tests  is  used 
in  American  wire  rope.  We  have  not  only  the  latest  and  best  methods  of  wire 
testing,  but  we  have  the  most  improved  machinery  capable  of  testing  to  rupture 
any  wire  rope  shown  in  this  catalogue.  Tests  are  constantly  being  made  of 
finished  ropes  to  assure  their  adherence  to  the  standard  strengths  given  in  the 
tables. 

The  strengths  given  are  correct  only  for  our  standard  product  of  the 
construction  shown,  it  being  obvious  that  any  variation  or  modification  of 
the  standards  would  somewhat  alter  the  strength  of  the  rope.  We  have 
figures  for  these  modified  constructions  and  qualities  and  can  furnish  them 
when  required. 

These  testing  facilities  are  complete  from  a  machine  for  the  smallest  wire 
to  one  for  the  largest  rope  listed  herein,  so  that  customers  may  rely  absolutely 
on  the  information  given. 


American  Wire   Rope  11 


Chapter  II 
Material  in  Wire  Rope 

Wire  ropes  are  made  almost  exclusively  from  iron  or  steel  and  there  have 
been  applied  to  the  various  grades  of  strength  of  materials  certain  names 
which  have  clung  to  them  until  they  can  hardly  be  dispensed  with.  To  many 
perhaps  these  terms  have  been  more  or  less  misleading  or  confusing.  It  is  our 
intention  to  set  this  subject  briefly  »before  the  trade  so  that  there  may  be  a 
clear  understanding  of  the  various  trade  names  used  in  this  catalogue. 

The  materials  used  in  the  wire  ropes  as  described  in  the  succeeding  pages 
are  grouped  into  five  main  divisions  as  follows : 

1.  Iron. 

2.  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

3.  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

4.  Plow  Steel 

5.  Monitor,  or  Improved  Plow  Steel  and  Tico  Special 

6.  Hemp  Centers. 


First :  IRON — This  material  was  used  almost  entirely  in  the  early  days  of 
rope  manufacture  and  is  employed  to  a  limited  extent  at  the  present  day, 
although  by  no  means  so  extensively,  owing  to  the  development  of  the 
stronger  and  tougher  steels.  Iron  is  a  very  pure  material  containing  very 
small  amounts  of  phosphorus,  sulphur  and  carbon.  The  physical  characteris- 
tics of  iron  are  softness,  ductility  and  low  tensile  strength,  being  approximately 
85,000  pounds  per  square  inch  in  the  drawn  wire  entering  into  ropes.  This 
applies  to  the  iron  transmission  and  hoisting  rope  illustrated  on  pages  121  and 
127.  Purchasers  of  our  bright  iron  rope  are  assured  that  it  contains  the  best 
material  that  can  be  produced. 


Second:  CRUCIBLE  CAST  STEEL — This  brand  of  steel  derived  its  name 
from  the  early  method  of  making  carbon  steel  which  could  be  hardened.  This 
was  formerly  made  in  small  crucibles  capable  of  being  operated  by  hand  and 
containing  from  50  to  100  pounds  of  steel  each.  This  steel  was  then  cast  into 
small  ingots  or  bars.  The  same  grade  of  steel  for  rope  is  now  universally 
made,  both  in  Europe  and  America  by  the  Siemens-Martin  open  hearth  furnace, 
which  differs  from  the  original  crucible  principally  in  size  and  amount  which 
can  be  made  at  one  time.  With  the  old  crucible  process,  each  small  ingot 
was  of  different  chemical  composition,  but  with  the  open  hearth  furnace,  the 
larger  units  of  steel  are  of  the  same  chemical  composition  and  each  batch  from 
the  Siemens-Martin  furnace  will  make  a  number  of  large  castings  or  ingots. 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


When  drawn  into  wire  and  properly  treated,  our  crucible  open  hearth  steel* 
will  have  a  tensile  strength  from  150,000  to  200,000  pounds  per  square  inch  of 
sectional  area,  depending  upon  the  size  of  finished  wire  and  the  properties 
required. 

Third:  EXTRA  STRONG  CRUCIBLE  CAST  STEEL  —  This,  as  its  name 
indicates,  is  a  stronger  grade  of  crucible  open  hearth  steel  of  somewhat  different 
chemical  composition,  the  strength  of  which  runs  from  180,000  to  220,000 
pounds  per  square  inch  of  sectional  area,  depending  upon  the  size  of  finished 
wire  and  properties  required. 

Fourth:  PLOW  STEEL  —  This  name  originated  in  England  many  years 
ago,  and  was  applie/i  to  a  strong  grade  of  crucible  steel  wire  which  was  used 
in  the  construction  of  very  strong  ropes  employed  to  operate  gangs  of  plows. 

The  name  of  "  plow  steel,"  as  applied  to  rope,  means  a  high  grade  open 
hearth  steel  of  a  tensile  strength  in  the  wire  of  200,000  to  260,000  pounds  per 
square  inch  of  sectional  area,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  finished  wire  and 
the  properties  required.  The  name,  although  somewhat  vague  and  unsatis- 
factory, has  been  associated  with  the  trade  for  a  long  time. 

Eifth:  MONITOR,  OR  IMPROVED  PLOW  STEEL  AND  Tico  SPECIAL  —  We 
have  adopted  the  trade  names  of  "  Monitor"  and  "Tico  Special"  for  the  strongest 
grades  of  wire  rope  which  we  produce.  ~  These  are  made  of  very  carefully 
selected  open  hearth  steel  wire  having  a  tensile  strength  from  220,000  to  280,000 
pounds  per  square  inch  of  sectional  area,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  finished 
wire  used  in  the  rope.  These  are  the  toughest  materials  of  high  strength  that 
have  yet  been  produced.  They  have  a  large  and  constantly  growing  field  of  use. 

Sixth  :  Hemp  centers  are  usually  employed  in  wire  ropes  to  form  an 
elastic  cushion  for  the  strands  of  the  rope  to  rest  upon.  These  are  selected 
with  great  care  and  only  the  finest  and  most  uniform  fiber  is  used. 

The  merits  of  these  various  grades  of  materials  may  be  summarized 
briefly. 

Iron     This  is  a  low  tensile  strength  material,  very  soft  and  ductile,  but  the 
heaviest  in  proportion  to  its  strength  and  consequently  of  only  limited 
usefulness. 

Crucible  Cast  Steel     This  is  a  medium  tensile  strength  material,  tough  and 
pliable,  of  moderate  cost  and  general  utility.     It  weighs 

only  about  one-half  as  much  as  iron  for  the  same  strength  and  its  lightness 
makes  it  very  efficient.  It  is  harder  than  iron  and  better  resists  external 
wear. 


term  open  hearth  steel  must  not  be  confused  with  crucible  open  hearth  steel,  as  the  latter  applies  only 
to  the  higher  grade  of  material  of  crucible  quality,  whereas  the  former  may  mean  any  grade  of  steel  produced  by 
the  open  hearth  furnace. 


American  Wire  Rope  13 


Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel     This  is  a  grade  midway  between  crucible 

steel  and  plow  steel  in  tensile  strength, 

and  is  a  very  serviceable  material,  tough,  pliable,  a  little  lighter  for  the  same 
strength  than  crucible  steel,  and  about  two  and  a  half  times  the  strength  of  iron. 


Plow  Steel     This  is  next  to  the  strongest  material  used  in  wire  rope,  combin- 
ing  lightness   and  great  strength.     It  is  tough,  but  somewhat 
stiffer  than  crucible  steel,  and  possesses  very  nearly  three  times  the  strength 
of  iron. 


Monitor,  or  Improved  Plow  Steel     This  is  a  little  stiffer  in  the  same  diameter 

than  the  preceding  kinds,  but  strength 

for  strength  equally  flexible.  It  is  very  useful  where  great  strength,  lightness 
and  abrasive  resisting  qualities  are  required.  It  is  the  toughest  steel  of  its 
strength  that  can  be  produced,  and  is  fully  three  times  as  strong  as  iron. 

Tico  Special  Steel  This  special  grade  of  steel  wire  is  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  Tico  special  ropes,  which  possess  the  highest 

degree  of  resilience  and  strength  possible  without  sacrificing  the  inherent 
elasticity  of  the  material.  For  list  prices,  see  Monitor  rope. 

The  manufacture  of  these  various  grades  of  steel  is  an  art  in  itself,  which 
has  been  perfected  after  a  half  of  a  century  of  effort  to  its  present  high 
standard  by  the  American  Steel  &  Wire  Company.  Consumers  mnv  be  assured 
that  the  materials  used  to-day  in  rope  manufacture  are  more  reliable  tharv  at 
any  time  in  the  past.  The  selection  of  ingredients  going  into  the  production 
of  our  rope  steels  is  more  carefully  and  scientifically  handled  and  the  resulting 
product  more  uniform  than  has  hitherto  been  deemed  possible. 

It  will  be  found  that  the  materials  entering  into  American  wire  rope 
contain  the  smallest  possible  amounts  of  phosphorus  and  sulphur,  the  delete- 
rious effects  of  which  are  well  known.  Every  heat  of  rope  steel  made  is 
carefully  analyzed  and  checked,  and  only  such  as  conforms  to  our  rigid 
chemical  tests  is  ever  used  for  wire  rope.  The  same  watchful  supervision  is 
given  every  process  in  the  manufacture  of  the  wire  for  the  finished  rope.  The 
steel  must  be  cast  into  ingots,  rolled  into  billets,  re-rolled  from  billets  to  small 
bars  and  then  into  rods  before  it  reaches  the  wire-drawing  stage.  These  rods 
must  then  be  cleaned,  drawn,  given  successive  heat  treatments  and  further 
drawing  until  the  wire  has  been  brought  to  the  finished  point.  If  at  any  of 
these  stages  the  material  shows  mechanical  defects,  however  slight,  it  is 
rejected,  and  every  coil  of  the  finished  wire  is  given  further  exacting  tests,  all 
to  determine  its  quality,  which  is  the  keynote  in  the  production  of  American 
wire  rope. 


14 


American  Steel  and  Wire   Company 


Chapter   III 

Constructions 

In  the  development  and  application  of  wire  rope  there  have  been  devised 
many  constructions,  some  good  and  some  bad,  but  in  course  of  time  odd  com- 
binations of  wires  have  been  discarded  and  certain  types  have  become 
standard.  These  standard  constructions  constitute  the  greater  percentage  of 
the  wire  rope  ordinarily  used  in  commercial  work  to-day. 

Wire  rope  as  now  produced  consists  of  a  group  of  strands  the  wires  of 
which  are  twisted  together  symmetrically  according  to  a  definite  geometrical 
arrangement.  A  group  of  strands  is  correspondingly  laid  symmetrically  around 
a  center  core  or  neutral  axis. 

Strands 

The  fundamental  unit  in  rope  construction  is  the  strand,  and  a  short 
explanation  of  this  is  necessary  to  place  the  subject  logically  before  rope  users. 
To  begin  with,  a  vast  number  of  geometrical  combinations  of  wires  are  possi- 
ble, but  for  ordinary  work  the  practice  is  to  use  one  wire  in  the  center  of  the 
strand,  surrounding  this  with  a  layer  of  six  wires,  then  successively  with  layers 
of  twelve,  eighteen,  twenty -four  and  thirty  wires,  etc.,  this  construction  being 
known  as  concentric  strand. 


12 


18 


24 


30 


.      1 
Wire 


Wij 


19 
Wires 


37 
Wires 


61 
Wire. 


91 
Wires 


The  addition  of  one  layer  of  six  wires  around  a  center  wire  produces  a 
strand  for  a  haulage  rope.  A  supplementary  layer  of  twelve  wires  makes  a 
nineteen-wire  strand  for  a  hoisting  rope.  This  strand  in  turn  may  be  covered 
by  a  third  layer  of  eighteen  wires,  making  a  thirty-seven-wire  strand  that  is 
used  in  a  special  flexible  hoisting  rope.  In  connection  with  illustrations  of 
strands  of  uniform  diameter  it  is  evident  that  the  greater  the  number  of  wires 
in  the  strand,  the  more  flexible  will  be  the  rope  constructed  therefrom. 


American  Wire   Rope 


15 


7  Wire  Strand 


19  Wire  Strand 


37  Wire  Strand 


6 1  Wire  Strand 


91  Wire  St 


16  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

In  the  making  of  standard  hoisting  ropes,  i.  e.,  of  six  strands  of  nineteen 
wires  each,  certain  desirable  features  result  from  a  slight  modification  of  the 
strands  and  wires : 

1.  Common  one-size-unre  construction,  nineteen  wires  all  of  one  size,  is 
the  simplest  hoisting  rope  strand  made. 

2.  Three-size-wire    construction,    sometimes     called    "  Warrington"    con- 
struction, consists  of  seven  inside  wires  of  uniform  diameter  surrounded  by 
twelve  wires  which  are  alternately  large  and  small.     This  combination  increases 
the  metallic  area  and  strength  by  approximately  ten  per  cent.     Experience  has 
demonstrated  the  advantages  of  this  construction  for  general  hoisting  purposes 
and  has  led  to  its  adoption  in  the  manufacture  of  standard  steel  hoisting  ropes. 

3.  Seale  construction,  in  which  the  center  wire  is  large,  the  next  layer 
of  nine  wires  small  and  the  outer  layer  of  nine  wires  large.  These  strands 
produce  a  rope  somewhat  stiffer  than  the  first  two  mentioned.  See  further 
reference  to  Seale  construction. 

It  is  possible  to  make  strands  using  two,  three,  four  or  five  wires  in  place 
of  one  center  wire,  and  to  cover  these  wires  with  successive  layers  of  wires,  but 
these  constructions  are  rarely  used  and  have  little  commercial  value.  There 
are  a  few  cases  where  odd  constructions  are  advisable,  and  we  shall  be  glad 
to  give  our  customers  any  information  necessary  upon  application. 

The  types  of  concentric  strand  shown  in  the  preceding  illustrations  are 
compact,  present  a  uniform  external  surface  to  take  wear  and  give  a  wide 
range  of  flexibility. 

Rope 

A  number  of  strands,  usually  six,  are  laid  together  around  a  hemp 
center  to  form  a  completed  rope.  In  the  order  of  their  flexibility  from  coarse 
to  fine  constructions  they  are 

6  strands,     7  wires  each,  known  as  "  haulage  rope  " 

6  strands,  19  wires  each,  known  as  hoisting  rope,  "Seale  type" 

6  strands,  19  wires  each,  known  as  "hoisting  rope" 

6  strands,  37  wires  each,  known  as  "  special  flexible  " 

8  strands,  19  wires  each,  known  as  "  extra  flexible  rope" 

6  strands,  12  wires  each,  known  as  "  running  rope" 

6  ropes,  6  strands,  7  wires  each,  known  as  "  tiller  or  hand rope" 

In  describing  a  rope  construction  it  is  customary  to  use  the  following 
abbreviated  notation,  e.  g.  6  x  7,  which  means  six  strands  of  seven  wires  each, 
the  number  of  strands  coming  and  the  first  number  of  wires  last. 


American  Wire  Rope 


17 


Haulage,    Transmission    and    Standing    Rope 
Construction 


The  coarsest  rope,  i.  e.,  the  6x7  construction,  is  a  relatively  stiff  rope 
with  large  wires  capable  of  resisting  external  wear  or  abrasion,  but  it  is  the 
least  flexible  type  shown  and  its  use  is  limited  to  conditions  where  abrasion 
is  excessive  and  bending  around  sheaves  is  a  minor  feature.  See  chapter  on 
"Practical  Applications,"  page  72. 


Scale  Construction 


The  next  rope  in  point  of  flexibility  is  the  6  x  12  with  one  hemp  core  (each 
strand  composed  of  three  wires  covered  by  nine  wires),  or  better  still  the  6  x  19 
Scale  type.  The  use  of  the  6  x  12  construction  is  not  recommended,  as  it 
mak^s  a  poor  rope  structurally,  and  the  6  x  19  Seale  type  is  not  only 
identical  so  far  as  external  surface  of  the  strand  goes,  but  is  properly  constructed 
internally.  The  name  "  Seale  type  construction"  is  applied  to  a  rope  each 
strand  of  which  is  composed  of  one  large  center  wire  surrounded  by  nine  small 


IS 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


wires  and  then  by  nine  large  wires,  making  a  perfect  mechanical  construction. 
The  Scale  type  is  suited  to  a  limited  number  of  applications  and  is  sold  at  the 
same  price  as  the  regular  6  x  19  construction. 


Hoisting   Rope   Construction 


The  next  step  toward  flexibility  is  the  6  x  19  construction,  known 
universally  as  hoisting  rope,  due  to  its  application  to  general  hoisting  purposes. 
The  wires  are  smaller  than  in  the  6x7  haulage  rope  and  are  less  able  to  resist 
abrasion,  but  can  be  more  easily  bent  around  sheaves  and  drums. 


Special   Flexible   Hoisting   Rope   Construction 


The  6  x  37  special  flexible  rope  is  composed  of  still  smaller  wires  than  the 
6  x  19,  possesses  great  flexibility  and  may  be  bent  round  fairly  small  sheaves, 
but  it  should  not  be  subjected  to  much  external  wear,  particularly  in  the 
smaller  sizes,  as  the  wires  will  be  worn  off  too  quickly. 


American  Wire  Rope 


19 


Extra  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope 


The  8  x  19  extra  flexible  rope  has  more  flexibility  than  the  6x19,  being 
composed  of  two  additional  strands,  and  may  be  used  over  smaller  sheaves 
than  the  latter.  It  is  about  as  flexible  as  the  6  x  37  construction  but  not  as 
strong,  owing  to  its  larger  hemp  center. 


Running  Rigging  Construction  and  Mooring  Hawsers 


The  6  x  12  running  rope  is  a  modification  of  the  6  x  19  construction, 
being  identical  so  far  as  external  appearance  goes,  having  a  hemp  core  in  each 
strand  or  seven  in  all.  This  type  of  construction  is  more  flexible  than  the 
6  x  19  but  only  about  two-thirds  as  strong. 


20 


American  Steel  arid  Wire  Company 


Tiller  Rope  Construction 


The  6x6x7  tiller  rope  construction  makes  an  exceedingly  flexible  rope, 
and  is  capable  of  bending  around  very  small  sheaves.  It  is  the  most  flexible 
standard  rope  on  the  market  to-day.  Being  composed  of  very  fine  wires  it 
will  stand  less  surface  wear  than  any  type  mentioned  and  the  load  should  be 
light. 


Special  Constructions 

In  addition  to  the  preceding  constructions  there  are  a  number  of  special 
constructions  which  have  been  developed  to  meet  unusual  conditions.  The 
particular  qualifications  of  each  are  referred  to  in  the  following  pages. 


Non-spinning  Rope,   18  Strands    7  Wires 


This  is  a  special  construction  of  hoisting  rope  designed  to  prevent  the 
rotating  of  a  free  load  on  the  end  of  a  single  line.  It  is  the  only  type  of  rope 
that  really  does  accomplish  this  and  is  excellent  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is 
designed. 


American  Wire  Rope 


21 


Flattened  Strand  Hopes,  Hoisting  and  Haulage 


Type  A 


Type  B 


Type  C 


Type  D 


22 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Type   E 


These  five  styles  of  flattened  strand  have  been  designed  to  secure  greater 
wearing  surface  and  at  the  same  time  to  retain  as  much  flexibility  as  possible. 
It  will  be  easily  seen  from  an  examination  of  the  illustrations  that  these  ropes 
more  nearly  approach  a  solid  bar  so  far  as  external  surface  is  concerned  than  is 
possible  in  the  case  of  any  style  of  rope  made  of  round  strands.  In  fact,  flattened 
strand  ropes  possess  about  150  per  cent  more  wearing  surface  than  the  ordinary 
round  strand  rope.  This  is  a  distinct  advantage  for  some  wire  rope  applications 
where  external  wear  on  the  wires  results  in  a  considerable  decrease  in  strength 
as  well  as  shorter  life  of  the  rope. 

Types  C  (5  x  9),  D  (6  x  8),  and  E  (5  xll)  correspond  in  general  to  the 
6x7  round  rope,  and  types  A  (5  x  28)  and  B  (6  x  25)  to  the  6x19  construc- 
tion in  the  general  line  of  flexibility  and  usage.  Their  further  uses  are 
explained  in  detail  under  the  various  lists,  pages  145  to  154. 


Steel  Clad  Hoisting  Rope 


This  kind  of  hoisting  rope  has  each  strand  spirally  served  with  flat  steel 
strips,  which  give  considerable  additional  wearing  surface  over  the  ordinary 
type.  In  fact,  when  the  flat  strips  of  a  steel  clad  rope  have  worn  through, 
there  still  remains  a  complete  hoisting  rope  with  unimpaired  strength,  Where 
ropes  wear  out  quickly,  this  feature  is  a  distinct  advantage. 


American 


Rope 


Flat   Rope 


This  rope  corresponds  to  a  flat  wire  or  ribbon  and  might  be  likened  to  a 
flat  clock  spring  in  this  respect,  that  it  will  wind  upon  itself  in  a  very  narrow 
space.  Some  conditions  are  eminently  suited  to  this  type  of  construction, 
which  can  be  made  in  any  reasonable  width,  thickness  or  length.  Further 
information  regarding  uses  will  be  found  on  page  194. 


American  Steel  and  W^ire  Company 


Round   Track   Cable   for   Aerial   Tramways 


Locked   Wire   Cable 


For  cable  spans  or  cableways  there  have  been  devised  two  special  cables 
which  present  fairly  smooth  surfaces  for  wheels  to  run  upon.  The  better  is 
the  interlocked  type,  as  it  presents  the  smoother  external  surface.  See  also 
pages  190-191  for  further  details. 

A  point  that  should  be  noted  in  the  foregoing  discussion  of  wire  rope 
constructions  is  that  in  going  from  a  coarser  to  the  next  finer  construction, 
or  with  each  increase  in  flexibility,  there  is  a  corresponding  decrease  in 
the  size  of  the  wires  and  consequently  in  the  wear  resisting  qualities.  This 
should  be  borne  carefully  in  mind  in  the  selection  of  the  type  of  wire  rope  to 
be  used  for  a  given  application.  In  this  connection  a  further  discussion  of 
this  subject  is  found  in  the  chapter  on  "  How  to  Calculate  Wire  Rope  Prob- 
lems," on  pages  30-66. 


American  Wire  Rope 


Wire  Rope  Lays 

There   are  two  general  methods  of  laying  up  rope :  the  common  type 
known  as  Regular  lay,  and  the  other  as  Lang's  lay. 


Regular  lay,  right  hand  rope,  6x  19 


lay,  6x7 


In  the  Regular  /ay,  the  wires  of  the  strands  are  twisted  in  one  direction 
and  the  strands  laid  into  the  rope  in  the  opposite  direction,  giving  the  appear- 
ance shown  in  the  first  illustration.  Most  of  the  rope  used  in  America 
is  made  in  this  manner,  and  it  has  become  standard  for  general  work. 

In  the  Lang's  lay  rope  both  the  wires  in  the  strands  and  the  strands  in  the 
rope  are  twisted  in  the  same  direction,  giving  the  peculiar  appearance  noted  in 
the  second  cut.  Lang's  Jay  rope  is  more  easily  untwisted  than  Regular  lay  and 
it  is  more  difficult  to  tuck  the  strands  securely  in  a  splice,  but  it  is  especially 
adapted  to  resist  external  wear  and  grip  action.  Lang's  lay  rope  should  not  be 
used  without  first  consulting  with  us  as  to  its  adaptability.  No  universal  rule 
can  be  given  regarding  its  application,  other  than  that  its  use  is  limited  as 
compared  with  the  standard  Regular  lay. 

It  will  be  noted  that  all  flattened  strand  ropes  are  made  IJang'ls  lay.  See 
illustrations  on  preceding  pages  21  and  22. 


26 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Regular  lay,  right  hand  rope 


Regular  lay,  left  hand  rope 

Rope  is  usually  made  right  lay,  which  is  standard  for  all  our  rope  as  well 
as  that  of  all  other  manufacturers  in  the  United  States.  Right  lay  rope 
corresponds  to  a  right  hand  threaded  screw  of  long  pitch  and  left  lay  to 
a  left  hand  threaded  screw  of  long  pitch.  The  use  of  left  lay  rope  is  limited 
and  confined  to  rope  used  in  pairs  on  elevators  and  similar  places  where  the 
tendency  of  left  lay  rope  to  untwist  in  one  direction  is  offset  by  the  tendency  of 
the  right  lay  rope  to  untwist  in  the  opposite  direction.  The  majority  of  oil 
well  drilling  ropes  are  also  made  left  lay. 


Reverse  lay  rope,  also  known 
as  right  and  left  lay  rope 

This  consists  of  a  rope  in  which  the  alternate  strands  are  made  Regular 
and  Lang's  lay.  In  the  case  of  a  six-strand  hoisting  rope,  as  shown, 
there  are  three  strands  regular  lay  and  three  strands  Lang's  lay.  Not  many 
ropes  are  made  in  this  way,  but  this  description  would  be  incomplete  without 
reference  to  it. 


American  Wire  Rope  27 


Chapter  IV 

Range  of  Application 

The  use  of  wire  rope  for  mechanical  purposes  has  increased  very  largely 
in  the  past  few  years,  so  that  it  has  almost  completely  superseded  the  older 
methods  employing  manila  rope  and  steel  or  iron  chain. 

The  scope  of  application  has  become  universal,  involving  the  selection 
or  at  times  the  designing  of  a  special  rope  to  meet  the  conditions  imposed. 
It  sometimes  necessitates  a  radical  departure  from  the  ordinary  forms  of 
construction.  With  the  facilities  and  plants  at  our.  command,  we  can  try  out 
rope  for  every  class  of  service  and  give  our  customers  not  an  experiment,  but 
a  proven  rope.  We  make  a  complete  line  of  wire  rope  for  every  practical 
purpose  to  which  a  wire  rope  can  be  applied.  Some  of  the  principal  uses  to 
which  wire  rope  may  be  put  are  as  follows: 
Haulage  rope  for  mines,  docks,  etc. 

Hoisting  rope  for  elevators  of  *  all  kinds,  mines,  coal  hoists,  ore 
hoists,  conveyors,  derricks,  stump   pullers,  steam   shovels, 
dredges,  logging,  ballast,  unloaders,  etc. 
Special  flexible  and  extra  flexible  rope  for  cranes,  counterweights, 

ammunition  hoists,  dredges  and  kindred  uses. 
Flattened  strand  rope  of  all  kinds  for  all  purposes. 
Track  cable  for  aerial  cableways,  both  ordinary  and  locked  types. 
All  the  foregoing  ropes  except  the  interlocked  track  strand  are  made  in 
all  strengths  of  material,  viz. : 
Iron. 

Crucible  Cast  Steel. 
Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel. 

Plow  Steel  and  Monitor  grades  and  may  be  furnished  galvan- 
ized if  necessary. 
The  following  additional  ropes  are  also  made : 

Extra  Galvanized  Standing  Rope  for  derricks,  ships'  rigging,  etc. 
Extra  Galvanized  Hoisting  and  Running  Rope  for  mooring  and 

messenger  lines,  cargo  hoists,  ships'  rigging,  etc. 
Extra  Galvanized  Hawsers  for  mooring  and  towing. 
Galvanized  Cables  for  suspension  bridges. 

Wire  Sash  Cord,  annealed,  galvanized  or  tinned,  iron  or  copper. 
Galvanized  Mast  Arm  or  Arc  Light  Rope. 
Galvanized  and  Extra  Galvanized  Strand  in  all  sizes. 
Special  Ropes  of  every  size,  construction  or  quality  made  to  order 
on  short  notice.     If  it  is  rope  or  stranded  wire  we  make  it. 
All  sizes  of  copper  cable  and  strand  for  all  electrical  pur- 
poses.    Also  fittings  of  all  kinds  for  attaching  to  wire  rope. 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


In  the  general  definition  of  wire  rope  is  included  practically  everything 
that  is  twisted  into  strands  or  ropes.  Even  wire  sash  cord  -^  inch  in 
diameter  is  a  rope  just  as  truly  as  a  large  dredge  rope  2^  inches  diameter 
and  a  small  tiller  or  hand  rope  as  much  as  a  large  mine  hoisting  rope.  A 
small  aeroplane  stay  strand  differs  from  a  large  bridge  cable  only  in  size ; 
both  are  stranded  products.  It  is  difficult  to  give  all  the  various  uses  to 
which  v/ire  rope  can  be  put,  but  -from  very  small  to  very  large  sizes  they 
cover  a  wide  range  of  utility.  Almost  any  special  type  of  construction 
may  be  made  if  required  by  the  conditions  of  use. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  summary  that  wire  rope  in  its  vari- 
ous sizes  is  adaptable  to  the  most  delicate  mechanisms,  as  well  as  to  the  handling 
of  the  heaviest  and  largest  machinery.  Its  adaptability  is  one  of  its  strongest 
merits. 

See  also  chapter  on  practical  wire  rope  installations  pages  72  to  118. 


Chapter  V 

How  to  Calculate  Wire 
Rope  Problems 


30  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

Chapter  V 

How  to  Decide  Size,  Quality  and  Construction  of 

Wire  Rope 

In  discussing  this  important  question,  around  which  hinges  the  successful 
use  of  wire  rope,  we  will  consider  it  under  two  general  headings. 

A. — STRESSES. 

B. — SIZES  AND  QUALITY  OF  ROPE  TO  MEET  THE  STRESSES. 

Under   Stresses,  the  following  detail  sections  will  be  taken  up  in   the 
order  given : 

Page 

1.  Dead  and  live  loads        ......  30 

2.  Bending  stresses       .  .          .          .          .•         .          .  31 

3.  Stresses  due  to  shocks  of  starting  and  stopping  .  47 

4.  Stresses  of  inclines  and  slopes  .  .          .          .          .  49 

5.  Stresses  in  spans      .  ...  53 

6.  Stress  limitations  of  machinery  ....  58 

7.  Multiple  sheave  blocks      ......  58 

8.  Wire  rope  guys        .......         60 

9.  Factors  of  safety      .......         64 

The  above  nine  sections   constitute    the  principal  factors  requiring  con- 
sideration in  wire  rope  operations. 

A. — Stresses 

Section  1 

Dead  and  Live  Loads      Wire  rope  applications  divide  themselves  into  two 

general  classes,  one  in  which  the  load  is  stationary 

and  the  other  in  which  it  is  movable  or  fluctuating.  It  is  a  comparatively  easy 
matter  to  estimate  the  stresses  in  a  rope  when  the  loads  are  what  might  be 
termed  dead  loads,  such  as  occur  in  guy  ropes  and  similar  uses.  On  the 
other  hand,  a  live  load  immediately  brings  us  to  a  point  where  a  number  of 
factors  must  be  carefully  considered.  The  principal  factor  of  course  is  the 
changing  of  motion  of  the  load.  All  loads  are  dead  loads  until  they  begin  to 
move  and  then  they  become  live  loads.  The  effect  of  a  live  load  at  times  is 
not  very  greatly  different  from  that  of  a  dead  load,  provided  the  stress  induced 
is  uniform,  but  there  are  many  cases  where  the  load  is  started  and  stopped 
quickly  and  such  cases  result  in  a  series  of  stresses  due  to  shocks  of  start- 
ing and  stopping.  Stresses  due  to  shocks  of  starting  and  stopping  will  be 
considered  under  Section  3,  of  this  chapter. 


American  Wire  Rope 


31 


Section  2 

Bending  Stress  on  Wire  Rope      The   subject  of  this  section  is   not   a  new 

one  by  any  means,  but  it  has  been  regarded 

by  many  wire  rope  users  as  of  no  practical  importance.  This  view  of  the 
case  is  erroneous,  and  we  shall  endeavor  to  show  that  it  is  not  only  im- 
portant, but  neglect  of  consideration  often  leads  to  very  poorly  designed 
apparatus  and  subsequently  high  maintenance  charges,  discouraging  both  to 
the  user  as  well  as  to  the  builder.  The  user  often  finds  his  maintenance 
charges  excessive,  and  it  is  difficult  at  times  for  him  to  understand  clearly  that 
his  rope  conditions  are  at  fault. 


SOLID   BAR 


ROPE   SENT  AROUND  DRUM 


The  bending  stress  in  a  wire  rope,  as  we  define  it,  is  the  stress  which  is 
produced  in  the  metal  composing  it  when  the  rope  is  bent  around  a  sheave  or 
drum  of  any  diameter.  Unlike  ordinary  stresses  it  does  not  appeal  to  the  eye 
of  the  rope  user  in  the  same  way  that  a  live  or  dead  load  does,  but  it  exists  to 
a  greater  or  lesser  degree  in  all  wire  rope  applications.  It  takes  its  toll, 
whether  it  is  recognized  or  not,  and  while  it  is  not  possible  to  eradicate  it 
entirely,  still  when  its  value  is  known  its  deleterious  action  can  be  reduced  to 
a  minimum,  provided  sheaves  and  drums  are  made  proper  size.  It  is  serious 
to  neglect  consideration  of  any  of  the  stresses  effecting  a  rope,  no  matter 
how  produced,  because  the  success  or  failure  of  such  appliances  centers 
around  these  points. 

It  is  not  surprising  perhaps  that  many  rope  users  and  even  some 
engineers  have  avoided  this  subject,  because  it  is  a  fact  that  a  good  deal  of 
the  information  now  extant  upon  the  subject  contains  just  enough  of  truth  to 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


be  deceiving.  This  is  because  after  an  elaborate  mathematical  process  one 
wrong  assumption  has  been  made  which  nullifies  completely  the  results 
obtained.  In  the  present  chapter  we  have  availed  ourselves  of  data  gleaned 
from  practical  experiments,  covering  a  considerable  period  of  time,  and 
numerous  tests,  so  that  the  information  given  may  be  taken  at  face  value.  l% 

If  we  attempt  to  bend  a  bar  of  iron  or  steel  one  inch  in  diameter 
around  a  sheave  or  drum  three  feet  in  diameter  we  would  find  that  the 
material  had  been  stressed  beyond  the  elastic  limit,  or,  in  other  words,  it 
had  stretched  permanently.  On  the  other  hand,  if  a  wire  rope  one  inch  in 
diameter  were  taken  in  the  same  way  it  would  be  found  that  it  not  only  bent 
more  easily  but  that  it  had  little,  if  any,  permanent  set.  The  rope,  however, 
has  been  stressed,  although  to  a  lesser  degree.  In  fact,  if  it  were  a  6  x  19 
rope  it  would  have  a  stress  of  20,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  or  multiplying 
by  the  area  of  the  wire  in  the  rope,  we  have  3  .  72  tons.  The  stress  in  the 
iron  bar  would  be  approximately  800,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  according 
to  standard  formulae.  This  figure  looks  absurd,  but  it  shows  about  forty  times 
as  much  stress  in  the  round  bar  as  in  a  hoisting  rope  of  the  same  diameter 
bent  around  sheaves  of  identical  diameter. 

Of  course,  long  before  the  stress  reached  800,000  pounds  per  square  inch 
in  the  round  bar,  the  material  composing  the  bar  would  have  begun  to  stretch 
as  it  would  in  the  case  of  steel  when  the  stress  reached  about  30,000  pounds 
per  square  inch.  If  it  were  possible  to  make  material  with  an  elastic  limit  of 
800.000  pounds,  the  round  bar  would  have  that  stress  when  bent  around  a 
3-foot  sheave. 

The  formula  usually  used  for  calculating  the  stress  in  a  solid  bar  bent 
around  a  sheave  is  given  in  most  books  on  mechanics  as  follows  : 


where  S  =  stress  per  square  inch  in  material  due  to  bending 
E  =  Youngs  modulus  =  29,000,000  for  steel 
d  =  diameter  of  bar 
D  =  diameter  of  bend 

It  has  been  the  practice  of  some  engineers  to  calculate  the  bending  stress 
on  a  rope  by  means  of  the  above  formula  (1)  modifying  it  by  taking 

d  =  diameter  of  wire  in  the  rope. 

This  would  be  correct  if  a  wire  rope  were  composed  of  straight  wires,  but  it 
is  decidedly  incorrect  because  of  the  fact  that  the  wires  of  a  rope  are 
twisted,  and  the  stress  very  much  different.  This  is  the  principal  point  of  the 
entire  problem. 


American  Wire  Rope 


The  twisting  of  the  wires  spirally  in  a  rope  has  the  effect  of  reducing  the 
stress  materially  over  that  in  a  round  bar. 

The  keynote  of  the  problem  lies  in  taking  the  right  modulus  of  elasticity, 
this  fact  being  apparent  when  this  subject  is  investigated,  and  it  is  this 
practical  point  which  has  been  the  stumbling  block  to  many  theoretical  calcu- 
lators. We  have  determined  by  careful  tests  that  the  modulus  of  elasticity 
for  ordinary  wire  ropes  with  a  hemp  center  does  not  exceed  12,000,000 
pounds  when  the  rope  is  new,  and  we  have  used  this  figure  in  the  calculation 
of  the  tables  given  on  the  following  pages.  The  formula  used  to  make  these 
calculations  is 


S-E 
^D 

where    EK  =  modulus    of    elasticity    of   the    whole    rope    value  =  12,000,000 

pounds  for  six-strand  ropes 
d  =  diameter  of  wire  in  the  rope 

D  =  diameter  of  sheave  to  center  of  the  rope  or  neutral  axis 
S  =  stress  per  square  inch  in  wires  of  rope  due  to  bending  around 
sheave  of  diameter  D 

The  values  obtained  which  have  been  tabulated  on  the  following  pages 
are  reasonable,  accurate  and  applicable  to  the  calculation  of  all  rope  problems. 
They  show  the  stress  in  a  wire  rope  from  the  smallest  to  the  largest  practicable 
sheave  that  is  used  for  any  work,  and  we  ask  the  careful  consideration  of  them 
by  all  rope  users. 

For  the  purpose  of  getting  a  line  of  uniform  stress  in  a  wire  rope  we  have 
drawn  zigzag  diagonal  lines  which  show  the  stresses  in  tons  for  a  uniform 
stress  per  square  inch,  which  will  be  valuable  in  indicating  whether  the  sheaves 
and  drums  in  a  wire  rope  system  are  properly  proportioned. 

In  general  the  bending  stress  should  be  kept  at  as  low  a  value  as  possible. 
This  varies  with  the  class  of  work  or  nature  of  application;  values  that  would 
be  considered  high  in  mine  work  would  be  low  for  some  classes  of  machinery, 
because  in  the  latter  case  it  may  be  necessary  to  sacrifice  the  life  of  the  rope 
for  the  sake  of  greater  economy  in  other  respects.  We  do  not  believe  in  sacri- 
ficing the  rope  service  until  other  means  of  successful  solution  of  a  problem 
have  been  carefully  considered,  because  in  the  long  run  such  propositions  are 
usually  expensive  and  unsatisfactory  to  the  owner,  and  oftentimes  present  a 
difficulty  that  at  best  can  only  be  partially  solved  by  the  rope  manufacturer. 

It  would  hardly  be  advisable  to  use  as  large  sheaves  on  a  hand  crane  or 
machine  operated  only  intermittently  as  on  an  apparatus  that  is  constantly 
working.  The  effect  of  the  bending  stress  is  shown  usually  in  the  decreased 
life  of  a  rope. 


34  A  merit  mi  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

The  practical  application  of  the  following  tables  is  best  shown  by  an 
example  solved  in  accordance  with  this  rule : 

1.  Divide  the  breaking  strength  of  the  rope  as  given  under  the  tables  of 
strength  by  the  factor  of  safety  which  it  is  desired  to  use.  From  this  quantity 
deduct  the  bending  stress  for  the  diameter  of  rope  and  size  of  sheave  or  drum 
under  consideration,  and  the  result  will  be  the  proper  working  load. 

e.  g.  What  load  will  a  ^s-rope  carry  with  a  factor  of  safety  of  5  over  a 
3-foot  sheave? 

Catalogue  strength  of  S/8  plow  =  15.5    tons  (6x19  Rope) 

Divide  by  5 =    3.1    tons 

Deduct  bending  stress    .     .     .  =    0.91  ton 

Proper  working  load       .     .     .  =    2.19  tons 

which  means  that  the  working  load  is  2.19  tons  after  considering  the  bending 
stress.  It  must  be  noted  in  particular  that  the  bending  stress  must  not  be 
deducted  from  the  total  strength  of  the  rope,  but  only  after  the  factor  of  safety 
has  been  applied. 

The  total  load  on  the  rope  is  3.1  tons,  of  which  2.19  tons  is  useful  load 
and  0.91  ton  is  non-utilizable  load  or  bending  stress. 

It  is  only  necessary  to  consider  in  any  problem  the  minimum  size  of 
sheave  because  the  maximum  stress  is  produced  by  the  smallest  sheave,  and 
the  passing  over  more  than  one  sheave  does  not  alter  the  bending  stress, 
although  the  greater  the  number  of  sheaves  the  greater  will  be  the  surface 
wear  upon  the  rope.  It  is  also  true  that  the  fewer  the  sheaves  used  in  any 
wire  rope  system  the  longer  the  rope  will  last. 


American  Wire  Rope 


35 


Bending  Stress  for  Different  Sizes  of  Sheaves  and  Drums 


For   6x7    Rope   in   Net   Tons 


Diatn.o 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

15'-0' 

14'-0' 

13'-0" 

12'-0" 

ll'-O' 

lO'-O* 

9'-6' 

9'-0' 

8'-6" 

8'-0' 

1# 
1# 

IX 
1# 
1 

5.04 

5.40 

4.16 

5.82 
4.48 

6.30 

6.87 
5.29 

7.56 

7.96 

8.40 
6  47 

8.89 
6  85 
5.14 

9.45 

7.27 
5.46 

3.88  1 
2.91 

4.85 
8JJ4 

5.82 
4  37 

6.13  1 
4.60  j 

3.12 
2.24 

3.36 

2.42 

3.97 

2.86 

4.86 
L  3  49 

2.  01) 
1.49 

2.62 

1.87 

3.14 
2.24 

3.31^ 
2.36 

3.69 

3.92 

2.80 

1.60 

1.72 

2.04 

2.49 

2.64 

jfe 
% 
# 

A 

# 

1.03 
0.63 

1.11 
0.67 

1.19 

1.29 

1.41 

1.55 

1.63 

1.72 

1  82 

1.94 

0.72 
0.42 

0.78 
0.46 

0.85 

0.94 

0.99 

0.58 

L  1.04 

1.11 

1.18 

0.37 
0.26 

0.39 
0.28 

0.50 
0.36 

0.55 
0.39 
0.28 

0.61 

0.65 
,  0.46 

0.69 
0.49 

0.30 
L.0.22 

0.33 
0.23 

0.41 
0  29 

0.43 
0  31 

0.19 

0.20 

0  25 

0  33 

0  35 

A 

0.13 

0.14 

0.15 
0.09 

0.16 

0.18 

0.19 
0.12 

0.20 
0.13 

0.21 

0.23 

0  24 

H 
A 
A 

0.08 
0.04 

0.09 
0.05 

0.10 

0.11 
0.06 

0.13 

0.14 
0.08 

0.15 
0.09 

0.05 
0.04 

0.06 
0.04 

0.07 

0.07 
0.05 

0.08  ' 

0.03 

0.04 

0  04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.06 

0.06 

For  6x7  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.  of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

7'-V 

7MT 

6'-6" 

6'-0" 

5'-6" 

5'-0" 

4'-6" 

4'-0" 

3'-6" 

3'-8' 

1# 

iKs 
IX 
l# 
1 

10.08 

10.80 
8.32 

11.64 

8.96 

12.60 

13.74 

10.58 

15.12 

16.80 
13.94 

18.90 
14.54 
10.92 

8.96 

6.88 

7.761 

5.82 

9.70  1 

L    7.28 

11.641 

8.74 

6.24 

6.72 

4.84 

7.941 
5.72 

9.72 
6.98 

4.18 

2.98 

4.48 
3.20 

5.24 
L    3.74  1 

6.28  1 
4.48 

7.84 
5.60 

3.44 

4.08 

4.98 

6.40 

H 
X 
& 
A 

%_ 

2.06 
1.26 

2.22 
1.34 

2.38 

2.58 

[    2.82 

3.10 

3.44 

3.88 

4.49 

4.76 

2.88 

1.44 
0.84 

1.56 
0.92 

L    1.70 

1.88 

2.08 

2.36 

2.68  1 

0.74 
0.52 

0.78 
0.56 

1.00 
0.72 

1.10 
0.78 
0.56 

1.22  i 

1.38 
L    0.98 

1.56 

1.68 

0.66 
L    0.43 

0.66 
0.46 

0.86 
O.C2 

1.12 
L  0.80 

1.20 

0.38 

0.40 

0.50 

0.70 

0.86 

i 
TS 

H 
A 
A 

0.26 

0.28 

0.30 
0.18 

0.32 

0.36 

0.38 
0.24 

0.43 

0.48 

0.56 
0.34 

0.60 

0.16 
0.09 

0.17 
0.10 

0.20 

0.22 
[    0.12 

0.26 

0.30^ 
L    0.18 

0.36 
0.21 

0.10 
0.08 

0.12 
0.08 

0.14 
0.10 

0.16^ 
0.11 

0.20  ' 
0.14 

0.06 

0.07 

0.09 

0.12 

0.15 

36 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Bending  Stress  for  Different  Sizes  of  Sheaves  and  Drums 

For  6x7  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.ol 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

3'-0" 

2'-9" 

2'-0" 

3'-3" 

2'-0" 

IMP 

l'-G" 

l'-3" 

r-0" 

IK 
1H 
1* 
l# 

i 

7.48 

• 

# 
H 
# 

9 
1? 

# 

5.16 
8.12 

5.64 

6.20 

4.16 

4.72 

3.12 

[  2.64 

3.40 

3.76 
2.20 

1.84 
1.32 

2.00 
1.44 
1.00 

2.44 

1.72 

2.76 
1.96 
1.40 

1.56 
1.12 

2.24 
1.60 

0.92 

1.24 

1.84 

rV 
Ks 
T6* 

A 

0.64 

0.70 

0.76 

0.86 

0.96 
0.59 

1.12 

1.28 
0.79 

0.40 
0.23 

0.43  ' 
0.24 
0.18 

^J).47 

0.52 

0.68 
0.39 

0.28 
0.20 

0.31 
0.22 

0.35 

0.47 
[  0.33 

0.16 

0.24 

0.28 

American  Wire  Rope 


37 


Bending  Stress  for  Different  Sizes  of  Sheaves  and  Drums 

For  6x  19  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.  of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

20'-0' 

18'-0' 

16'-0" 

15'-0" 

14'-0" 

13'-0" 

12MT 

ll'-O" 

lO'-O* 

y-6" 

2# 
2^ 
2X 
2 

1M 

11.63 

12.92 
9.71 

14.54 

15.51 
11.65 

16.47 
12.48 

17.89 

19.39 
14.57 

21.15 

15.89 

23.26 

24.50 
18.40 

8.74  1 
6.37 

10.92  1 
7.96 

13.45 
9.81 

17.48  1 
12.74 

7.08  1 
4.98 

8.49 
5.97 

9.10] 
6.40 

10.61 

7.47 

11.58  1 
8.15 

13.41 
9.43 

4.481 
3.00 

5.60 
3.74 

6.89  1 
4.61 

8.96^ 
5.99 

3.33] 

3.99 

4.28 

4.99 

5.45 

6.31 

i# 

iK 
i# 

iX 
15* 

2.40 

1.88 

2.67 

3.001 
2.36 

3.20 

3.43 

3.69 
2.90 

4.00 

4.36 
3.43 

4.801 
3.77 
2.91 

5.05 

2.09  1 
1.62 

2.51 
1.94 

2.69  1 
2.08 

3.14  1 
2.42 

3.97 
3.06 
2.30 

1.46 
1.09 

1.82 
1.36 

2.24  1 
1.68 

2.65] 

1.98 

1.21 

0.88 

1.45 
1.06 

1.56  1 
1.14 

1.82  1 
1.33 

2.18] 
1.59 

0.80  ' 

0.99 

1.22 

1.45 

1.68 

i 
H 
H 

H 
A 

0.56 

0.62 
0.42 

0.70 

0.75 

0.80 
0.54 

0.86 

0.93 
L  0.63 

1.01 

1.12 
0.75 

1.18 
0.79 

0.37' 

0.47 

0.50' 

0.58 

0.68  , 

0.37" 
0.21 

0.40 

0.43' 

0.47 

0.50 

0.23 

0.25^ 
0.19 

L    0.27 

0.29 

0.20 

0.21 

# 

rV 
H 

T5* 
« 

0.13 

0.14 

0.15 

For  6  x  19  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.  of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

9'-0" 

8'-G- 

8'-0" 

7'-G" 

7'-cr 

G'-6" 

G'-O" 

5'-6" 

5MT 

4'-6" 

2# 
2K 
2X 
2 

IK 

25.84 

27.36 

29.08 

[21.84 

31.02 

32.94 

35.78 
26.90 

38.78 

42.29 
31.78 

46.52 
34.96 

25.48 

28.32 
19.92 

19.48 
L  14.16 

20.56 
14.99 

23.30 
(  16.98 

24.96 

18.20 

29.141 
21.22 

15.92 
11.20 

19.62 
13.78 

23.16 
16.29 

9.96 
[    6.66 

10.55 
7.05 

11.94 

7.98 

12.801 
8.56 

14.94 

17.92 

7.48' 

9.22 

9.981 

10.88 

11.98 

13.32 

\H 

W 
i# 

ix 
\y% 

5.34' 

L    4.18 

5.65 

6.00 

6.40 
5.02 

6.86  1 
5.38 
4.16 

7.38 

8.00 
6.28 

8.73 
6.85 
5.29 

9.60 

10.68 
[    8.36 

4.44 
3.42 

4.72 
3.64 

5.80 
4.48 
3.36 

7.54 
5.82 
4.36 

3.24' 
2.42 

3.88 
2.90 

4.841 
3.64 

6.48 
4.84 
3.52 

2.56 

1.87 

2.  72' 
1.98 

3.12 

3.96' 
2.89 

1.76 

2.12 

2.28 

2.44 

2.66 

3.18 

i 

H 

X 
K 
& 

1.24 

1.32 

1.40 
0.94 

1.50 
1.00 

1.60 

1.72 
1.16 

L    1.86 

2.04' 

2.24 

2.48 
[    1.68 

0.84 
LJK52 

0.88' 
0.55 

1.08 

1.26 

1.36 

0.85 

1.50 

0.59 

0.63 
L  0.36 

0.67 
0.39 

0.74 

0.80 

0.94' 

1.04 

0.30 
0.22 

0.32 
0.23 

0.34 
0.24 

0.42 

0.46 
L    0.33 

0.49 

0.54 

(    0.60 

0.26 

0.28 

0.30 

0.36 

0.40 

L    0.44 

*/2 

A 
H 
A 

X 

0.16 

0.16 
0.11 

0.17 

0.19 

0.20 

0.21 

0.23 
0.15 

0.25 
0.16 

0.28 
0.18 

[    0.32 
0.21 

0.12 

0.13 
0.08 

0.13 
0.08 

0.14 
0.09 
0.05 

0.10 
0.06 
0.03 

0.11 
0.06 
0.03 

0.12 
0.07 
0.04 

0.13 
0.08 
0.04 

38 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Bending  Stress  for  Different  Sizes  of  Sheaves  and  Drums 

For  6x19  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

4'-0" 

3'-9" 

8'-G" 

3'-3' 

3'-0" 

2'-9" 

2'-6" 

2'-3" 

2'-0" 

IMP 

2K 
W 
2X 
2 

1% 

31.84 

33.96 

25.60 

[  19.96 

21.76 

23.96 

22.40 
14.96 

23.881 
15.96 

17.12 

18.44 

1% 

IX 

Itt 

IX 
Itf 

12.00 
9.44 

12.80 

13.72 
L  10.76 

14.76 
11.60 

8.96 

16.00 
12.56 
9.68 

17.46 

19.20 
15.08 

16.72 
12.96 

14.56 
10.88 
7.92 

12.48 
9.12 

10.02 
7.76 

13.70 
10.58 
7.92 

7.28 
5.44 

8.32 

11.64 
8.72 
6.36 

5.80 

6.24] 
4.56  j 

6.72 

7.28 
L    5.32 

9.68 
7.04 

3.96 

4.24 

4.88^ 

5.78 

1 
H 

X 
H 
ft 

2.80 

3.00 

3.20 
2.16 

[    3.44 

3.72 

4.08 

2.72 

L    4.48 

4.96 

5.60 
3.76 

[  .6.40 

1.88 
1.18 

2.00 
1.26 

2.32 

2.52 

3.00 

1.88 

3.861 

4.32 

[    2.68 

1.34 

1.48 
0.84 

1.60] 
0.91 
L    0.66 

1.70 

2.08 

2.36 

0.68 
0.48 

0.72 
0.52 

0.78" 
0.56 

0.98" 
0.72 

1.08 

1.201 
0.88 

1.36 

L   1.56 

0.60 

0.801 

0.96  1 

1.12 

l/2 
& 

H 

A 

X 

0.34 
0.24 

0.38 
0.26 

0.40 

0.42 

0.46 
0.30 

0.50 
0.32 

0.56 

0:62 
0.42 

^0.68 

0.80 

0.27 
0.17 

0.28^ 
0.18 

0.36] 
0.24 

"0.47 
0.30 

0.54 
0.33 

0.15 
0.09 
0.05 

0.16" 
0.10 
0.05 

0.20 

0.22 
0.13 

0.26 
0.15 

0.10 
0.05 

0.11 
0.06 

0.12] 
0.06 

0.14] 

0.17 

0.19 

L  o.io 

0.07 

0.07" 

0.08 

0.09 

For  6x19  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Dia.meter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

l'-6" 

l'-3" 

l'-0" 

0'-9' 

2# 

2^ 

2X 
2 

1M 

Ifc 
1# 

1/8 

IX 
ij* 

10.64 

1 
# 
X 
X 

A 

7.44 

8.96 
6.00 

7.52 

L    4.72 

5.04 
3.20 

3.76 
2.16 

1.82 
1.32 

2.72 

1.82 

1.60 

% 
A 
H 
A 

X 

0.93^ 
0.63 

1.12 

1.36 
L    0.94 

0.72 

0,48 

0.40 
0,23 
0.12 

0.60 
0.34 

0.28 
0.14 

0.17 

American  Wire  Rope 


39 


Bending  Stress  for  Different  Sizes  of  Sheaves  and  Drums 

For  6  x  37  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

U'-O" 

18'-0' 

12'-0" 

ll'-O- 

lO'-O" 

9'-0" 

8MT 

7'-6' 

7'  -or 

6'-6' 

2X 
2^ 
2X 
2 

1* 

11.11 

11.97 
8.99 

12.96 

14.15 
10.63 

15.56 

17.40 
12.99 

19.45 

20.75 
L15.60 

22.22 
16.70 

23.94 

17.98 
13.10 

8.351 
6.09 

9.74 
7.10 

11.69 

8.52 

14.61 
10.65 

6.55 
4.62 

7.75 

9.47 
L   6.67 

11.36 

L    8.00 

12.18 
8.58 

4.291 

2.89 

5.00 

5.45 

3.68 

6.00  1 

7.50 

9.24 
L    6.22 

3.11 

3.38] 

4.05 

4.50 

5.06 

[    5.40 

5.78 

1# 

IK 
1# 

IX 

2.29  ' 
1.80 

2.47  j 

2.68 
2.10 

2.92^ 
2.29 

1.77 

3.21 

3.57  1 
2.80 

4.01 

4.28^ 
3.36 

4.58 

4.94 
3.96 

1.98 
L    1.49 

2.52 
1.94 
1.46 

3.15 
2.43 

3.60 

2,78 

1.39 
1.04 

1.62 
1.22 

2.181 
1.62 

2.59^ 
L    1.95 

2.98 
2.24 

1.12 

1.33  1 

1.83 

2.08 

1/8 
1 

# 

X 

# 

T9* 

0.76" 
0.54 

0.82 

0.88 

0.97 

1.06 

1.18 

1.33 
0.94 

1.42 
1.00 

1.52 

1.64 
1.16 

0.58 

0.631 
L    0.42 

L    0.68 

0.75 
0.51 

0.831 

1.04 
L   0.72 

0.38 
0.23 

0.39 
0.25 

0.46] 
0.29 

0.56 

0.63 

0.68 

0.78 

0.261 
0.15 

0.31 

0.35 
0.20 

0.39 

0.42 

^0.46 

0.50 

0.14^ 

0.17 

0.18  1 
0.13 

0.23 
0.17 

0.24 
0.18 

0.26 

0.28 
[    0.20 

0.12  1 

0.151 

0.19 

K 
TV 
X 

For  6  x  37  Rope  in  Nei  Tons 


Diam.of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

6-0' 

5'-6" 

5'-0" 

4'-6' 

4'-0" 

3'-9" 

3'-6' 

3'-3" 

3'-0" 

2'-9" 

2X 
21A 
2X 
2 

!M 

25.92 

28.30 

31.12 

34.80 
25.98 

38.90 

41.50 

33.40 

35.96 
[26.20 

20.00 

21.80 
^14.  72 

19.48 
14.20 

21.26 

23.38 
17.04 

29.22 
21.30 

31.20 

22.72 
L16.00 

15.50 
10.90 

18.94 
13.34 

24.36 
17.16 

10.00^ 
6.76 

12.00 

15.00" 

18.48 
[12.44 

7.36 

8.10 

L  9.00 

10.12" 

L  10.80 

11.56 

13.52^ 

IH 

iK 
1# 
IX 
1% 

5.36 
4.20 

5.84 

6.42 
5.04 

7.14 
5.60 
L   4.36 

8.02 

8.56 
6.72 

5.18 

9.16 

9.88 
L   7.92 

L10.72 

11.68 
L   9.16 

4.58 
3.54 

6.30 
4.86 
3.66 

7.20 
5.56 
4.16 

8.401 
6.48 

3.24^ 
2.44 

3.89^ 
2.92 

5.96 

4.48 

7.08 
L    5.32 

2.66 
1.94 

3.24 
2.36 

3.90 

[    2.84 

4.88^ 
3.54 

1.76 

2.13 

2.66 

3.04 

3.28 

3.88 

i 

ft 

X 
X 

T9* 

1.26 

1.36 
0.92 

1.50 

1.66 
L   1.12 

1.88 

2.00" 

L  2.08 

2.32 

2.52 
1.68 

L    2.72 

0.84" 
0.52 

1.01 

1.26 

1.36 

1.44 

1.56 

1.84 
L    1.16 

0.58 

0.63 
L    0.36 

0.70 

0.78 

0.84 
[    0.48 

0.92 

1.00 

1.04 

0.30 
0.22 

0.33 
0.24 

0.40 
0.30 

0.44 
0.33 

0.52 
0.38 

0.56 
0.41 

0.61 

L    0.68 

0.27 

0.361 

0.44 

L   0.48 

# 

TV 
X 

L    0.23 

0.25 

0.26 

0.29 

0.31 

0.34 
L    0.23 
0.14 

0.21 
0.13 

40 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Bending  Stress  for  Different  Sizes  of  Sheaves  and  Drums 

For  6x37  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.  of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

2'-6" 

2'-3" 

2'-0" 

l'-9" 

l'-6" 

r-ar 

l'-0" 

0'-9" 

W 

2^ 
2% 
2 

1# 

24.00 
16.20 

18.00 

20.24 

1# 
1# 

1/8 
IX 
1# 

12.84' 
10.08 

14.28 

16.04 
12.60 

18.32 
14.40 

L  12.96 

11.68 

8.52 

11.201 

8.72 

7.78 
5.84 

9.72" 
7.32 

11.12 
8.32 

6.48] 

4.72 

9.76 

L    7.08 

4.26 

5.32 

6.06 

1 
ft 

X 
# 
A 

3.00 

3.32  ] 
2.24 

3.76 

4.16 

L    5.04 

6.00 
4  04 

7.52 
5.04 

2.02  ' 
1.26 

2.52 
1.56 

3.08 

3.36 

2.08 

1.40] 
0.80 

1.84 

2.521 

3.12 

0.73  ' 
0.54 

0.92 
0.66 

1.04 
0.76 

1  22 

1.401 

1.84 

0.60] 

0.88 

1.08 

1.32 

y2 

A 
H 

0.38 
0.25 
0.16 

0.41 

0.46 
0.31 

0.52 

0.62 
0.42 

0.76 

0.92 

0.28] 
0.17 

0.39 
0  23 

0.50  1 
0.32 

0.62 

0.19 

0.26 

0.38 

American  Wire  Rope 


II 


Bending  Stress  for  Different  Sizes  of  Sheaves  and  Drums 


For  8x  19  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.  of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

7'-0" 

6'-0" 

5'-0" 

4'-6' 

4'-0' 

8'-9" 

8'-6" 

8'-8" 

3'-0" 

1# 
1# 

IX 

1# 

1 

3.29 

3.84 
[  2.96 

4.61 

5.12 
3.94 

5.  76 

6.15 

6.58 

L  7.10 

7.68 
5.92 

2.54  1 
1.91 

3.55 
2.67 

4.44 
3.34 

4.73  1 
3.56 
2.59 

5.08 

5.47  1 
4.11 

2.22 
1.62 

2.96  1 
2.15 

1.52 

3.82 
2.78 

4.44 
3.24 

1.39 
0.98 

1.94 

L  1.37 

2.43  1 
1.71 

2.99  1 
2.12 

1.14  ' 

[  1.83 

1.96 

2.28 

H 

% 

fl 
A 

^ 

0.65 
0.41 

0.76 

0.91 

0.58 

[   1.01  1 

1.14 

1.21 

1.30 

0.82 

1.40  1 
0.89 

1.52 

0.48 
0.28 

0.64  1 
0.36 

0.72 

0.77  1 

0.96 
0.56 

0.24 
0.17 

0.33 
0.24 

0.42 
0.30 

0.45  1 
0.32 

0.48 

0.51   1 

0.20 
0.14 

0.27  1 
0.19 

0.34 
0.24 

0.37  1 
0.26 

0.40 

0.12 

0.17 

0.21 

0.23  1 

0.28 

A 

X 
A 
X 

0.13  1 

0.14 

0.15 

0.16 

0.17  1 
0.11 

0.19 

0.12 

For  8x19  Rope  in  Net  Tons 


Diam.  of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Sheave  or  Drum  in  Feet  and  Inches 

2'-9" 

8>-6' 

2'-3" 

2'-0"           l'-9"           l'-G' 

l'-3" 

l'-0" 

0'-9" 

1# 

1H 

IX 

V/B 
1 

8.38 

9.22 

[  7.10 

7.88 
5.92 

8.88 
6.68 
4.86 

7.64 
5.56 
3.92 

6.48 
4.56 

7.76 
5.38 

. 

6.45 

4.85 

5.34 

3.88 

3.53 

2.49 

4.30 
[  3.04 

2.74 

3.42 

% 
X 
X 

A 

g 

1.65 
1.05 

1.82 

2.02  ' 

2.28 

2.60 
[  1.64 

3.04 

3.64 
2.32 

4.56 

2.88 
1.68 

2.24 
1.60 

1.16 
[  0.66 

1.28  s 
0.72 

1.44 

1.92 
[  1.12 

0.'60 
0.44 

0.84 
0.16 

[  0.96 

1.32 
L  0.97 

0.48 
[  0.34 

0.54  ' 
0.38 

0.68 
0.48 

L  0.80 

1.20 

L  0.86 

0.31 

0.43  _ 

0.56 

L  0.68 

1.12 

& 
H 
A 

X 

0.20 

0.23 
0.14 

0.26 
0.16 

0.28 

0.32 
0.21 

[  0.38 

0.44 
0.29 

0.56 

L  0.76 

0.13 

0.18 

0.24 
L  0.14 

0.36  ' 

L  0.21 

L  0.48 

0,12 

0.14 
0.09 

0.28 
0.20 

0,15 

42 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


SONHOd  Nl  SSHdlS  ONIQN38 


American  Wire  Rope 


43 


1S 


OL     £ 

g£ 
«S 

x    01 

VO    <* 

5£ 
^S 

ml 

o:  Q 

k£ 

CD  01 
Z   cc 

5£ 
z  u. 


X 


/ 


X 


saNnod  NI  ssaais 


American  Steel  and  W^ire  Company 


UJ  UJ 

Q-n: 
O  to 


lit 

LU  Q 


SONHOd  Nl  SS3yiS  ONIQjN.38 


American  \Vire   Rope 


45 


SQNnOd  Nl  SS3yiS  ONIQN39 


46 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


SQNinOd  Nl   SSBdlS  9NIQN3a 


American  Wire  Rope  47 


Section  3 

Stresses  Due  to  Fluctuation  of  Load  in  Starting  and  Stopping 

The  amount  of  stress  upon  a  rope,  the  velocity  of  which  changes  fre- 
quently, is  a  factor  dependent  entirely  upon  the  rapidity  with  which  the 
change  of  velocity  is  made.  A  problem  will  make  this  perfectly  clear.  Let 
us  consider  a  rope  that  is  to  lift  a  load  vertically,  starting  from  rest  and  to 
reach  a  certain  speed  within  a  given  time. 

Let  t  =  the  time  of  acceleration. 

W  =  the  weight  to  be  lifted  (mine  cage,  ore  or  similar  proposition). 

w  =  the  weight  of  the  rope  per  foot  in  pounds. 

Er=  the  modulus  of  elasticity  of  the  rope. 

a   =  the  acceleration  or  retardation  of  the  load  in  feet  per  second. 

S   =  the  space  in  which  the  acceleration  or  retardation  is  made. 

V  =  the  velocity  of  the  load  in  feet  per  second. 

K  —  the  kinetic  energy  of  the  load. 

k    =  the  kinetic  energy  of  the  moving  rope. 

Kt=  the  total  kinetic  energy. 

1    =  the  length  of  rope  hanging  vertically. 

g  =  the  force  of  gravity. 

Kt=  K  +  k. 

Kt=  C  (W  +  wl). 

When  C  equals  a  constant  by  which  the  load  is  increased  due  to  kinetic 
energy,  C  being  a  factor  representing  the  increase  of  the  total  load. 


Therefore,  Kt  =  -     —-        -  =         (W  +  wl) 

but  V2  =  2  a  S 
substituting  we  have  C  (W  +  wl)  =  —  (W  +  wl)  or  a  =  —  ^ 

o  _ 

a  2  ts  —  2g  C.     If  t  is  equal  to  1,     a  =  \  2  g  C 
or  a  =  8.02j/C~~ 

In  order  to  facilitate  estimating  the  stresses,  the  following  table  has  been 
calculated  using  the  above  formulae.  In  the  first  column  are  values  of  C  rang- 
ing from  0  to  5.00,  while  in  the  second  column  are  the  corresponding  acceler- 
ations (a)  in  feet  per  second,  squared.  The  third  column  shows  the 
corresponding  velocities  (v)  in  feet  per  second,  and  these  values  will  also 
represent  the  distance  in  feet  (S)  the  load  would  travel  during  one  second. 
The  fourth  column  shows  the  total  stress  factor,  and  the  fifth  the  safety  factor 
corresponding  to  the  acceleration  (a)  upon  the  basis  of  a  factor  of  safety  of  10 
with  a  quiet  load. 


48 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Stresses  of  Acceleration  and  Retardation 


c 

a 
Feet  per  Second2 

s 

Feet  per  Second 

C  +  1  Total 
Stress  Factor 

Safety  Factor  10  for 
Quiet  Load 

0. 

0. 

0. 

1.00 

10.00 

0.10 

2.54 

1.27 

1.10 

9.09 

0.20 

3.59 

1.79 

1.20 

8.34 

0.25 

4.01 

2.01 

1.25 

8.00 

0.30 

4.39 

2.20 

1.30 

7.70 

0.40 

5.07 

2  54 

1.40 

7.15 

0.50 

5.67 

2.84 

1.50 

6.67 

0.60 

6.21 

3.11 

1.60 

6.25 

0.70 

6.71 

3.36 

1.70 

5.88 

0.75 

6.94 

3.47 

1.75 

5.72 

0.80 

7.17 

3.58 

1.80 

5.66 

0.90 

7.61 

3.81 

1.90 

5.27 

1.00 

8.02 

4.01 

2.00 

5.00 

1.25 

8.97 

4.48 

2.25 

4.44 

1.50 

9.82 

4.91 

2.50 

4.00 

1.75 

10.61 

5.31 

2.75 

3.64 

2.00 

11.34 

5.67 

3.00 

3.33 

2.50 

12.68 

6.34 

3.50 

2.86 

3.00 

13.89 

6.94 

4.00 

2.50 

3.50 

15.00 

7.50 

4.50 

2.2$; 

4.00 

16.04 

8.02 

5.00 

2.00 

4.50 

17.01 

8.50 

5.50 

1.82 

5.00 

17.93 

8.96 

6.00 

1.67 

•^  For  example :  With  the  value  of  C  equal  to  1,  which  corresponds  to  a 
change  of  kinetic  energy  equal  to  the  load  during  the  first  second,  the  load 
could  receive  an  acceleration  of  8.02  feet  per  second2  or  would  have  moved  a 
distance  of  4.01  feet,  doubling  the  stress  on  the  rope  over  that  of  the  corre- 
sponding dead  load :  in  other  words,  if  the  factor  of  safety  were  10  with  a 
quiet  load,  it  would  be  5  with  the  load  accelerated  8.02  feet  in  the  first  second. 
It  will  thus  be  seen  that  it  is  very  necessary  that  the  acceleration  at  the  start 
be  gradual,  in  order  to  be  sure  that  the  stress  is  not  unduly  increased,  because 
it  may  readily  be  seen  that  if  the  acceleration  is  sufficiently  high,  the  rope 
would  be  in  danger  of  being  snapped  off.  This  is  particularly  true  of  shorter 
lengths  of  rope. 

While  it  is  not  impossible  to  break  a  long  mining  rope  by  a  sudden 
starting  of  the  engine,  it  is  not  as  likely  to  occur  in  a  long  rope  as  it  is  in  a 
shorter  mining  rope,  owing  to  another  factor  which  enters  into  the  problem. 
This  factor  is  the  extension  or  permanent  elasticity  of  a  wire  rope  or  the 
amount  of  stretch  for  different  applications  of  load.  For  instance,  with  the 
value  of  C  equal  to  1,  the  following  table  shows  the  amount  of  extension 
which  partly  compensates  for  the  stress  on  a  rope  at  starting. 


Length 
Rope 
Feet 

Extension 
Crucible  Steel 
Feet 

Extension 
Plow  Steel 
Feet 

Length 
Rope 
Feet 

Extension 
Crucible  Steel 
Feet 

Extension 
Plow  Steel 
Feet 

500 

1000 
1500 
2000 
2500 

0.833 
1.667 
2.500 
3.333 
4.167 

1.000 
2.000 
3.000 
4.000 
5.000 

3000 
3500 
4000 
4500 

5.000 

5.833 
6.667 
7.500 

6.000 
7.000 
8.000 
9.000 

American  Wire   Rope 


I'.  I 


This  extension  varies  directly  as  the  length  of  the  rope.  It  will  be  noted 
from  this  table  that  taking  a  rope,  say  2,500  feet  long,  if  it  were  to  be  stressed  to 
a  value  of  C  equal  to  1  corresponding  to  an  acceleration  of  8.02  feet  per  second, 
the  value  of  C  would  really  not  be  as  great  as  1,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
stretch  in  the  rope  of  4.16  feet  would  be  almost  exactly  equal  to  the  space 
traversed  in  the  first  second  or  the  value  of  C  would  be  only  .50.  If,  however, 
the  value  of  C  were  increased,  the  factor  of  safety  of  course  would  be  cut 
down  correspondingly. 

Section    4 

Inclined  Planes  Many  wire  rope  applications  require  that  a  wire  rope 
operate  on  a  slope  or  incline  where  the  stress  on  the  rope 
is  a  variable  quantity  due  to  the  angle  of  the  plane.  The  stress  on  a  wire 
rope  so  employed  is  of  course  a  function  of  the  angle  of  inclination,  the 
value  of  which  can  be  accurately  determined.  A  diagram  and  development 
of  formula  for  making  this  calculation  is  given  below. 


Let  6    =  the  angle  of  inclination. 

X  =  be  =  the  height  of  the  plane  measured  vertically. 

Y  =  ac  =  the  length  of  the  incline  measured  horizontally. 

Z  =  ab  =  the  length  of  the  incline  measured  along  the  slope. 

P!  =  the  pull  on  the  wire  rope  due  to  load  neglecting  friction. 

P2=  the  pull  on  the  wire  rope  due  to  its  own  weight  on  the  incline. 

F  =  the  friction  factor  which  is  a  function  of  W. 

W  —  weight  resting  on  the  incline. 

P  =  the  pull  on  the  wire  rope,  friction  and  weight  of  rope  included. 

P 


=P 


Pa. 
WX 


=      sn  e  = 


where  W,  X  and  Z  are  known. 


50  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

The  friction  F  of  the  cars  on  the  incline  operates  normally  to  the  line  ab 
and  is  therefore  a  function  of  cos  d.  The  maximum  friction  is  for  a  value 
cos  0=1  or  on  a  dead  level,  and  the  minimum  for  cos  0  =  0  or  90°  vertical. 
It  is  the  starting  friction  which  is  the  greater  and  if  we  take  a  value  of  2% 
or  -^  for  this  quantity  we  have 

(1)  _  Wcosfl 


sin  0 


50 

Therefore  P=  Pt  +  F  +  P2=  W  sin  e   +W  c°se  +PZ=  w  (si 

oO  oO  / 

Take  the  weight  of  the  rope  into  account 

Let  w  =  weight  per  foot  of  the  rope 
1  =  length  of  rope  on  the  incline. 


(2)  Therefore  P2  =  wl  (si 

\ 


sin  0 


50  ; 

(3)  P  =  Px  +  F  +  Pg  =  (W  +  wl)  (sin  e  + 

LetC  =  (sme+C-°^} 
V  50  ) 

(4)  Then  P  =  (W  +  wl)  C 

For  short  inclines  an  approximate  value  of  P  may  be  obtained  by  neglect- 
ing the  weight  of  the  rope  or 

(5)  P  =  C  W 

The  values  of  C  =  (sin  e  H — — —  jhave  been  plotted  in  a  curve  from  which 

50  / 

it  will  be  easy  to  pick  the  constant  by  which  the  load  is  to  be  multiplied  to  get 
the  pull  on  the  rope. 

For  a  good  many  places  the  length  of  J;he  incline  makes  it  imperative  that 
the  weight  of  the  rope  be  considered,  and  it  is  better  to  allow  for  this  by  using 
formula  (3)  or  (4). 

For  obtaining  the  number  of  degrees  on  an  incline  we  advise  the  use  of  a 
degree  rule  which  is  similar  to  a  carpenter's  two-foot  rule  containing  a  spirit 
level  and  a  degree  graduation.  In  case  a  rule  of  this  kind  is  not  at  hand,  the 
degree  of  inclination  may  be  determined  by  measuring  the  vertical  elevation  in 
100  feet  of  distance  along  the  incline,  and  from  curve  on  page  51  the  degree 
can  be  found  at  once. 


American  Wire  Rope 


51 


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52 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


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American  Wire  Rope 


Having  found  the  degree  of  inclination,  the   curve  on  page  52  will  give 

the  load  factor  or  C  =  (sin  d  -\ — -jfrom  which  by  formula  (4)  page  50,  the 

stress  on  the  rope  P  is  readily  calculated. 

EXAMPLE  :  A  load  of  50  tons  is  to  be  pulled  up  an  incline  of  20  feet  per 
100  feet  of  slope.  The  total  length  of  the  slope  is  2000  feet.  Required  the 
size  of  rope  necessary  to  handle  the  load  if  Plow  Steel  Rope  6  x  19  is  to  be 
used,  and  factor  of  safety  of  0. 

1.  Get  the  approximate  diameter  of  the  rope  by  using  formula  (5) 
page  50. 

For  20-foot  rise  per  100  feet  of  slope  the  degree  of  inclination  =  Il*4> 
(See  page  51),  and  the  load  factor  C  =  0.22.  (See  page  52.) 

Hence  the  approximate  value  of  P  =  0.22  x  50  =  11  tons. 

This  means  a  rope  with  a  strength  in  excess  of  66  tons. 

A  1^-inch  rope  has  a  strength  of  58  tons,  and  a  13/6-inch  rope  a  strength 
of  72  tons.  Let  us  take  the  13/8-inch  rope  which  weighs  3  pounds  per  foot. 
P  =  C  (W  +  wl)  C  =  0.22  W  =  100,000  pounds  w  =  3  pounds  f  =  2000 
feet  P  =  0.22  (100,000  +  6000)  =  23,320  pounds  =  11.06  tons. 

This  shows  that  the  13/6-inch  rope  is  the  right  rope  to  be  used.  In  this 
case  the  weight  of  the  rope  added  about  6  per  cent,  to  the  load. 


Section  5 

Stresses  in  Spans  The  subject  of  this  chapter  is  one  on  which  a  book 
might  easily  be  written  if  we  were  to  include  all  the  data 

and  statistical  information  available,  but  it  would  be  difficult  for  the  general 
reader  to  pick  from  such  a  mass  of  information  the  parts  that  would  apply  to 
the  particular  case  under  consideration. 

There  are  times,  hovfever,  when  a  rope  user  wants  to  know  quickly 
whether  he  can  accomplish  certain  results  with  a  cable  suspended  horizontally 
in  the  air  between  two  towers  or  supports  and  it  is  for  such  purposes  that  the 
information  contained  in  these  pages  is  given. 

The  stress  or  tension  on  a  cable  suspended  between  two  points  is  entirely 
different  from  that  of  any  other  type  of  rope  application  and  is  usually  much 
greater  than  the  suspended  load.  It  is  very  necessary  to  recognize  this 
fact  because  a  rope  sometimes  breaks  if  the  user  has  not  made  proper 
calculations  of  the  stresses. 

It  is  usually  required  that  a  cable  span  shall  have  as  small  a  sag  or  center 
deflection  as  possible,  which  is  of  course  the  condition  of  maximum  tension  on 
a  cable  span. 


54 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


To  show  what  some  of  the  stresses  present  in  a  cable  span  are,  it  is 
necessary  to  only  mention  that  all  of  the  following  factors  must  be  considered 
carefully  in  important  calculations : 

1 .  Weight  or  load  to  be  supported  by  cable  span 

2.  Position  of  load  and  whether  position  is  stationary  or  movable 

3.  Weight  of  supporting  cable 

4.  Stress  due  to  fluctuations  in  temperature 

5.  Ice  load 

6.  Wind  load 

7.  Modulus  of  elasticity  of  cable  used  in  span 

8.  Are  both  points  of  span  support  on  a  level? 

9.  Height  of  towers  above  any  given  datum  line  if  points  of 

support  are  o?i  different  levels 

10.  Length  of  spa?i 

11.  Amount  of  deflection  or  dip  in  center  of  span 

12.  Length  of  cable  hanging  between  supports 

Other  minor  factors  may  need  to  be  considered.  In  the  case  of  large 
installations  it  is  well  to  have  the  advice  of  the  manufacturer  so  that  all  the 
various  points  may  be  given  careful  consideration. 

The  formula  for  calculating  the  stress  in  the  case  of  a  span  with  level 
supports  is  as  follows : 


Let  L  =  the  total  span  in  feet  =  AB 
D  =  the  deflection  in  feet  =  EF 
W  =  the  dead  load  at  point  F 
w  =  weight  per  foot  of  the  cable 
S  =  tension  in  the  cable  at  F 
X  =  AE,  the  position  of  load  W  with  reference  to  point  A. 


American  Wire  Rope  55 


For  the  deflection  due  to  weight  of  rope  alone  we  have 


-^pr 

81) 


the  center  of  the  span 


This  formula  (1)  is  applicable  to  all  cases  of  uniformly  distributed  load 
such  as  a  wire  rope  or  large  guy  strand  used  for  supporting  a  lead  telephone 
or  power  cable,  or  a  bare  copper  high  tension  feeder  cable,  at  frequent 
intervals.  The  value  of  w  must  be  taken  however  as  the  total  weight  per  foot 
of  both  suspended  and  supported  cables. 

The  stress  due  to  the  weight  alone  is 

S  2  =  —  —  at  the  center  of  the  span 

(3)  wL2  +  2WL      L  (wL+  2W) 
Sl  •*  ~8D~  ~8D~ 

From  the  formula  (3)  we  can  get  the  stress  on  any  cable  due  to  load  and 
weight  of  cable. 

In  order  to  facilitate  these  calculations  we  have  devised  curves  for  calcu- 
lating the  strain,  which  are  found  on  the  following  pages.  In  using  these 
curves  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  they  represent  the  distributed  load. 
If  the  load  is  in  the  center  it  is  necessary  to  multiply  it  by  2. 

e.  g.     1000  pounds  in  the  center  of  a  100  span 
is  =  2000  pounds  distributed  load  or  20  pounds  per  foot 

The  curves  are  calculated  on  one  pound  per  foot  distributed  load,  so  it  is 
necessary  to  multiply  the  stress  obtained  from  the  curves  by  the  distributed 
load  per  foot. 

EXAMPLE  :  What  stress  is  produced  in  a  1-inch  rope  weighing  1.6  pounds 
per  foot  on  a  500-foot  span  with  a  deflection  of  20  feet  and  a  distributed  load 
of  1000  pounds  ?  From  the  curve,  page  56. 

A  500-foot  span  and  20-foot  deflection  gives  a  stress  of  1562.5  pounds. 

Distributed  load  per  foot  =  1.6  +  =  3.6  pounds 

500 

1562.5  X  3.6  pounds  =  5625.  pounds  tension 

The  maximum  stress  on  a  cable  span  is  at  the  supporting  points  A  and  B 
when  the  load  is  suspended  in  the  center. 

Tension  at  A  or  B  =  tension  in  center  +  the  tension  due  to  weight  of  rope 
wL  and  load  W  times  the  deflection  I). 

(4)  T  =  S  +  D  (wL  +  W) 

The  length  of  cable  hanging  between  supports  can  be  determined  from 
the  single  curve  for  various  ratios  of  sag  to  span,  shown  on  page  56. 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


NVds  oiovs  ouva 


§     3 


American  Wire   Rope 


133J   Nl   NOI1D31J3Q    U31N3D 


58  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

Section  6 

Stress  Limitations  of  Machinery      In  connection  with  the  use  of  wire  rope 

a    very    important    factor,    namely,    the 

power  of  the  machinery,  should  be  carefully  considered.  It  is  a  well  known 
fact  that  on  many  machines  the  pull  which  the  engine  drums  are  capable  of 
exerting  is  very  close  to  the  strength  of  the  rope,  which  is  put  on.  This  is 
considered  bad  practice  because  it  permits  overstraining  of  the  rope  and 
very  often  results  in  breaking  it  which  may  entail  considerable  damage. 
Users  as  well  as  designers  of  machinery  should  always  ascertain  the  pull  on  a 
wire  rope  when  full  power  is  on,  and  if  this  approaches  the  strength  of  the 
rope,  provision  should  be  made  in  case  of  a  steam  engine  or  boiler  to  reduce 
the  steam  pressure  or  throttle  the  steam,  and  in  the  case  of  an  electric  motor 
to  provide  an  automatic  cut-out  capable  of  regulating  the  maximum  pull. 
Some  unsuccessful  applications  of  wire  rope  have  had  their  trouble  traced  to 
this  cause  which  may  exist  on  a  small  or  large  piece  of  apparatus.  A  wire 
rope  has  a  certain  definite  ultimate  strength  when  new,  but  this  should  never 
be  approached  if  good  results  are  to  be  obtained. 

Section  7 

Multiple  Sheave  Blocks     In  a  direct  single  line  hoist,  as  shown  by  Fig.  1, 

with  a  sheave  of  good  diameter,  the  stress  upon 

the  rope  equals  the  load  hoisted.  By  using  a  triple  block  with  a  double  block, 
as  in  Fig.  o,  the  five  parts  of  the  rope  carry  the  load  so  that  the  stress  upon 
each  part  is  only  one-fifth  of  the  load.  In  brief,  to  ascertain  the  stress  on  the 
hoisting  rope,  divide  the  maximum  load  by  the  number  of  ropes,  or  by  the 
number  of  parts  of  the  same  rope,  carrying  the  hoisting  hook  and  load,  and 
add  the  bending  stress  to  get  the  total  stress  on  the  rope.  For  bending  stress, 
see  Section  2,  page  31. 


American  Wire  Rope 


59 


60  «  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

Section  8 

Wire  Rope  for  Guys     Many  devices  employing  wire  rope  must  be  held  in 
place  by  guy  lines  or  ropes  and  since  the  action  of 

these  ropes  is  different  from  that  of  ropes  under  a  straight  pull,  it  is  necessary 
to  calculate  the  stresses  in  them  very  carefully.  In  order  to  do  this  a  table 
has  been  devised  which  shows  the  relation  between  the  number  of  guys  upon 
a  derrick  or  similar  piece  of  machinery  and  the  equivalent  effective  number 
of  guys  acting  for  any  position  of  the  load.  This  latter  quantity  is  known  as 
the  guy  factor. 

Reference  to  curve  on  page  03  shows  the  maximum  and  minimum 
values  which  the  guy  factor  represents.  If  it  is  desired  to  find  the  number  of 
guys  working  on  a  derrick,  for  example,  all  we  have  to  do  is  to  refer  either  to 
the  table  or  to  the  curve  and  we  will  get  directly  the  quantities  involved.  For 
example,  on  a  derrick  with  11  guys,  the  minimum  value  of  the  guy  factor  is 
3.494  or,  in  other  words,  for  any  position  of  the  load  the  derrick  guys  have  a 
strength  equal  to  3.494  times  the  strength  of  one  guy.  Maximum  values  have 
been  given  but  these  should  not  be  used  in  calculations.  They  have  been 
given  simply  to  show  that  there  is  a  variable  effective  number  of  guys  acting 
for  different  positions  of  the  load. 

Reference  to  the  diagram,  page  63,  and  the  table  page  61,  will  show  conclu- 
clusively  that  it  is  best  always  to  use  an  odd  number  of  guys  in  guying  a  piece  of 
apparatus  of  any  size.  This  is  because  the  maximum  and  minimum  values  of 
the  guy  factor  are  very  close  together  for  an  odd  number  of  guys,  whereas  with 
an  even  number  of  guys  there  is  a  much  lower  minimum  value.  For  example, 
a  derrick  employing  6  guys  has  a  guy  factor  of  1.732.  The  addition  of  one 
guy  or  increasing  the  guys  by  ^  will  increase  the  value  of  the  guy  factor  to 
2.248,  an  increase  of  30  per  cent.  In  the  interest  of  economy  it  is  always 
advisable,  therefore,  to  use  a  large  number  of  guys.  It  is  further  very  essential 
that  the  guys  be  spaced  evenly  so  that  the  angle  between  each  pair  of  guys  is 
the  same  as  that  between  every  other  pair.  See  page  98. 

Another  point  that  should  be  taken  into  consideration  on  guys  is  the 
angle  that  they  make  with  the  horizontal.  It  is  apparent  that  when  a  guy  pulls 
on  the  mast  of  a  derrick  that  it  will  not  give  its  full  strength  unless  it  pulls 
absolutely  in  a  horizontal  line.  Whenever  it  pulls  at  an  angle,  the  pull  will 
be  somewhat  less  than  the  total  strength  of  the  guy.  Reference  to  curve  on 
page  62  will  show  the  value  of  the  guy  pull  for  various  angles  of  the  guy  rope 
with  the  horizontal.  The  smaller  the  angle  (9  of  the  guy  of  the  horizontal  the 
more  effective  the  guy,  but  for  practical  purposes  this  angle  may  come  up  to 
about  26  degrees  and  still  have  at  least  90  per  cent  of  the  strength  of  the  guy. 
In  figuring  the  strength  of  the  guys,  it  is  first  necessary  to  get  the  guy  factor 
by  reference  to  curve  on  page  63  or  the  table  on  page  61,  then  refer  to 
curve  on  page  62  and  get  the  per  cent  of  the  guy  acting  and  multiply  this 


American  Wire  Rope 


(11 


decimal  by  the  guy  factor.  The  result  obtained  is  the  amount  of  pull  in  a 
horizontal  line  or  perpendicular  to  the  mast  of  a  derrick,  which  pull  will  act 
to  support  a  load.  This  pull  must  be  multiplied  by  a  factor  of  safety  of  not 
less  than  4  and  preferably  5  for  all  loads  to  be  lifted. 


Values    of   Guy   Factors    and.    Positions    of    Maximum  and    Minimum 
Values    for  Guy   Ropes    Equally  Spaced 


No. 
Guys 

Min. 

Values 
Guy 
Factor 

Corresponding  Line  of  Action 
of  Force 

Max. 

Values 
Guy 
Factor 

Corresponding  Line  of  Action  of  Force 

3 

0.866 

30°  from  1  iruy 

1   000 

Opposite  1  guy  or  half  way  between  2  guys 

4 
5 

1.000 
1.538 

Opposite  1  guy 
18°  from  1  guy 

1414 
1  618 

Half  way  between  2  guys 
Opposite  1  guy  or  half  way  between  2  guys 

6 

1.732 

30°  from  1  guy    .... 

2.000 

Opposite  1  guy 

7 

2.193 

12°  51  '  from  1  guy  .     .     . 

2.248 

Opposite  1  guy  or  half  way  between  2  guys 

8 

2.414 

Opposite  1  guy  .... 

2.611 

Half  way  between  2  guys 

9 

2.835 

10°  from  1  guy  .... 

2.879 

Opposite  1  guy  or  half  way  between  2  guys" 

10 

3.078 

18°  from  1  guy   .... 

3.236 

Opposite  1  guy 

11 

3.494 

8°  11'  from  1  guy 

3.514 

Opposite  1  guy  or  half  way  between  2  guys 

12 

3.732 

Opposite  1  guy  .... 

3.864 

Half  way  between  2  guys 

13 

4.120 

6°  55'  from  1  guy 

4.150 

Opposite  1  guy  or  half  way  between  2  guys 

14 

4.381 

12°  51'  from  1  guy       .     . 

4.494 

Opposite  1  guy 

15 

4.757 

6°  from  1  guy   .... 

4.783 

Opposite  1  guy  or  half  way  between  2  guys 

16 

5.027 

Opposite  1  guy  .... 

5.126 

Half  way  between  two  guys 

17 

5.399 

5°  18'  from  1  guy 

5.422 

Opposite  1  guy  or  half  way  between  2  guys 

18 

5.671 

10°  from  1  guy  .... 

5.758 

Opposite  1  guy 

19 

6.046 

4°  44'  from  1  guy       .     . 

6.054 

Opposite  1  guy  or  half  way  between  2  guys 

20 

6.314 

Opposite  1  guy  .... 

6.392 

Half  way  between  2  guys 

62 


Americaii  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


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American  Wire  Rope 


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64  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

Section  9 

Factors  of  Safety  In  the  previous  sections  many  of  the  principal  forms  of 
stresses  that  are  commonly  present  in  wire  rope  applica- 
tions have  been  considered.  Not  all  of  them  are  present  in  any  one  case,  but 
the  factor  of  safety  must  always  be  considered.  The  proper  selection  of  this 
factor  is  of  vital  importance,  for  on  it  depends  to  a  great  extent  the  success- 
ful operation  of  ,any  mechanism  employing  wire  rope. 

While  it  is  not  possible  to  give  exact  figures  which  should  be  employed 
for  the  many  uses  of  wire  rope,  still  certain  general  principles  can  be  evolved 
which  will  indicate  very  approximately  the  figures  that  should  be  used.  It  is  the 
practice  of  some  users  of  wire  rope  to  use  a  large  factor  of  safety  and  figure 
on  only  dead  load,  whereas  the  load  is  probably  a  live  one  and  the  rope  is  bent 
around  fairly  small  sheaves.  In  a  case  of  this  kind  a  large  factor  of  safety 
may  allow  for  the  increased  stress,  but  at  best  it  is  an  unsatisfactory  way  to 
treat  the  subject.  It  is  much  better  to  determine  what  the  stresses  are  and 
then  apply  a  simple  factor  of  safety. 

In  the  eight  preceding  sections  we  have  considered  the  principal  stresses 
to  which  a  wire  rope  is  subjected,  and  if  these  stresses  are  calculated  wherever 
any  of  them  occur  and  the  result  added  to  the  already  known  load  upon  the 
rope,  it  will  facilitate  the  use  of  an  ordinary  factor  of  safety.  The  figures 
given  in  the  catalogue  are  for  a  factor  of  safety  of  approximately  5,  neglecting 
the  bending  stress.  This  amounts  to  a  net  factor  of  safety  of  between  4  and 
4^  when  this  is  considered  with  the  sheaves  given  in  the  table.  We  would 
not  recommend  a  factor  of  safety  much  lower  than  these  figures  for  any  class 
of  work,  and  for  a  good  many  places  the  factor  of  safety  ought  to  be  larger. 
For  example :  It  is  the  practice  on  elevators  to  have  the  wire  rope  calculated 
on  a  factor  of  safety  of  from  5  to  10,  and  similar  practice  is  found  in  many 
mining  propositions  where  the  rope  is  not  very  long,  the  reason  for  which 
has  already  been  explained  in  Section  3  of  this  chapter.  Where  ropes  are 
very  long,  as  sometimes  occurs  in  mining  practice,  the  weight  of  the  rope 
itself  is  sufficiently  great  to  deduct  considerably  from  the  strength  of  the  rope. 
When  this  is  the  case  the  factor  of  safety  is  sometimes  cut  down  as  low  as  4^ , 
because  it  is  not  possible  to  get  quite  as  large  a  factor  of  safety  as  might 
otherwise  be  desired.  For  slow  speed  the  factor  of  safety  may  be  somewhat 
less  than  for  high  speed. 

For  example :  A  derrick  frequently  works  on  what  would  be  considered 
in  other  places  a  very  low  factor  of  safety,  and  the  reason  for  it  is  that  the 
load  is  steady  and  the  speed  slow  enough  so  that  there  is  no  added  strain 
on  the  rope  other  than  that  due  to  the  load  and  the  bending  stress  over  the 
sheaves.  In  fast  operating  machinery,  however,  such  as  ore  and  coal  handling 
clam  shell  buckets,  the  factors  of  safety  employed  are  usually  greater,  and 
some  run  up  as  high  as  ten.  It  is  generally  conceded  the  greater  the  factor 


American  Wire  Rope  65 


of  safety  the  longer  the  rope  will  last  and  the  safer  it  is.     Particular  pains  must 
be  taken  to  avoid  having  too  large  a  factor  of  safety. 

For  example :  The  factor  of  safety  such  as  25  is  altogether  too  large  and 
the  result  is  somewhat  like  using  a  1-inch  rope  where  a  f^-inch  would  do.  In 
other  words,  a  rope  could  not  give  its  best  results  under  such  light  loading  as 
a  factor  of  safety  of  25  would  indicate.  Every  device  using  wire  rope  has 
of  course  to  be  considered  on  its  own  merits,  as  regards  the  selection  of 
a  factor  of  safety.  On  ballast  unloader  rope,  such  as  is  used  for  plowing 
material  from  flat  cars  by  means  of  a  plow  and  a  wire  cable,  it  frequently 
happens  that  the  strain  on  the  rope  may  run  up  to  nearly  one-half  its  breaking 
strength.  This  is  because  it  is  not  possible  to  use  a  large  drum  and  a  larger 
rope  and  handle  it  economically,  but  such  heavy  loading  in  a  case  like  this, 
where  there  is  no  risk  to  life,  should  not  be  taken  as  a  precedent  for  heavy 
loading  under  other  conditions  where  it  is  possible  to  use  a  sufficiently  heavy 
rope.  Derrick  guy  ropes  are  frequently  strained  severely  when  an  exception- 
ally heavy  stone  is  lifted,  but  it  is  never  safe  to  strain  them  on  the  heaviest 
possible  lift  to  over  one-third  of  the  breaking  strength  of  the  guys.  It  is 
probably  true  that  the  greater  number  of  applications  requiring  the  quick 
handling  of  loads  employ  a  factor  of  safety  ranging  from  5  to  10. 

B — Size  and  Quality  of  Rope  to  Meet  the  Stresses 

Having  carefully  considered  the  various  stresses  found  in  a  wire  rope 
and  calculated  them  in  accordance  with  the  nine  preceding  sections,  the 
question  naturally  arises — what  size  of  rope  should  be  used  for  a  given  con- 
dition? This  cannot  be  answered  off  hand,  but  there  are  factors  entering 
into  the  problem  which  can  be  briefly  generalized.  In  the  first  place, 
Section  2  must  be  carefully  considered  on  all  problems,  and  an  unusually  high 
bending  stress  in  a  rope  is  an  indication  that  its  life  will  be  rather  short. 
If  on  the  other  hand  the  bending  stress  is  not  excessive,  the  service  obtained 
should  be  fairly  good.  Rope  users  should  refer  to  the  tables  of  bending 
stresses  *for  the  construction  which  they  propose  to  use  and  see  what  this 
amounts  to  before  definitely  deciding  upon  any  construction  In  case  of 
doubt  as  to  which  construction  should  be  used  our  engineers  are  always  ready 
to  consider  the  problem  and  give  the  customer  the  benefit  of  our  experience. 

In  general,  it  might  be  noted  that  in  a  rope  of  a  given  strength  we  could 
use  on  hoisting  rope  say  1-inch  crucible  steel  or  a  J^  inch  plow  steel  and  get 
almost  exactly  the  same  factor  of  safety.  In  a  case  where  the  sheaves  must  of 
necessity  be  small,  the  ^6  -inch  plow  steel  probably  would  be  preferable  to  the 
1-inch  crucible  steel,  referring  of  course  to  the  same  construction. 

The  figures  given  in  the  lists  for  proper  working  loads  should  be  used 
for  rough  calculation  only,  because  the  factor  of  safety  should  be  carefully 


66  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

considered  as  outlined  in  Section  8  of  this  chapter  and  the  proper  factor  of 
safety  selected  for  the  work  at  hand. 

The  relative  strengths  of  the  various  materials  in  a  wire  rope  are  given  in 
Chapter  II,  dealing  with  materials.  This  is  also  shown  by  the  various 
strengths  given  in  Chapter  IX. 

Sections  1,  2,  3  and  8  will  enter  into  consideration  of  practically  every 
common  wire  rope  problem.  The  remaining  Sections  4,  5,  6  and  7  enter 
into  the  consideration  of  special  rope  problems.  See  page  30. 


American  Wire  Rope 


Chapter  VI 

Suggestions   to   Rope   Users 

The  success  or  failure  of  a  wire  rope  installation  often  hinges  upon 
practical  points  which  are  sometimes  overlooked.  Such  being  the  case  there 
have  been  compiled  a  number  of  suggestions  gathered  from  our  long  experience 
which  are  offered  to  the  trade  not  as  a  final  word  but  as  an  indication  of  what 
should  be  avoided  and  what  may  be  beneficial  to  wire  rope  service. 


How  to  Gauge  Wire  Rope     The  diameter  of  a  wire  rope   is  the  diameter 

of  the    circle   which   will   just   enclose   all  the 

strands.     Care  should  be  taken  in  gauging  a  wire  rope  to  take  the  greatest 
and  not  the  smallest  diametrical  dimension,  as  shown  above. 


Sheaves  and  Drums     Most  wire  rope  applications  use  sheaves  over  which 
the    rope    runs    and    drums    upon    which    it    winds. 

These  are  indispensable  units  and  the  use  of  as  large  drums  and  sheaves  as 
practicable  is  strongly  recommended.  Particularly  attention  is  called  to  the 
section  descriptive  of  bending  stresses  of  rope  found  in  the  chapter  on 
"Wire  Rope  Stresses,"  page  ol.  The  effect  of  too  small  sheaves  and  drums 
will  readily  be  seen  by  making  a  calculation  in  accordance  with  the  information 
given  therein.  Drums  should  be  lagged  if  possible,  and  wherever  feasible  the 
use  of  a  grooved  drum  on  hoisting  machinery  is  recommended  as  better  than 


68  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

a  flat  drum  without  grooves.  It  is  important  to  have  the  grooves  on  drums 
spaced  so  that  there  is  ample  clearance  between  the  successive  windings.  For 
example  :  A  drum  for  a  ^  inch  rope  should  be  arranged  so  that  the  grooves 
are  not  nearer  than,  say  ^  of  an  inch  on  centers.  This  will  prevent  undue 
crowding  or  rubbing  of  one  part  or  wrap  of  a  rope  against  another.  The 
grooves  of  sheaves  and  drums  should  be  made  smooth  in  order  not  to  cut 
the  wires  of  the  rope  which  winds  upon  it.  They  also  should  be  made  of  a 
slightly  larger  radius  than  the  rope  which  is  to  run  on  them  so  that  the  rope 
will  not  wedge  nor  pinch. 

Overwinding     It  is  also  important  wherever  possible  to  have  the  drum  large 
enough  or  wide  enough  so    that    the    wire    rope    may    wind 
upon  it  in  one  layer. 

The  term  overwinding  has  been  applied  to  cases  where  wire  rope  has 
to  wind  two  or  more  layers  deep  on  a  drum.  This  is  a  very  bad  condition  and 
one  that  should  be  carefully  avoided,  because  the  wire  rope  will  mash  and 
jam  more  or  less  and  will  not  last  nearly  as  long.  It  may  be  a  little  more 
expensive  to  provide  a  larger  drum  and  may  necessitate  a  change  in  the 
gearing  of  the  machinery,  but  for  the  best  working  conditions  and  lowest 
cost  of  operation  overwinding  must  be  avoided. 

Alignment  of  Sheaves  and  Drums     The  best  possible  alignment  of  sheaves 

and  drums  should  be  obtained,  other- 
wise there  will  be  undue  wear  on  the  side  of  the  sheaves  and  drums  as  well  as 
on  the  rope.  In  general  the  lead  sheaves  over  which  the  rope  runs  from  the 
drum  should  be  lined  up  with  the  center  of  the  drum,  or  if  the  drum  is  not 
entirely  filled  it  should  be  in  line  with  the  center  of  that  portion  of  drum  on 
which  the  rope  is  wound. 

Leads  It  is  necessary  to  have  the  proper  amount  of  space  between  the  lead 
sheave  and  the  drum  in  order  to  avoid  too  sharp  an  angle.  We  recom- 
mend an  angle  not  exceeding  1°  30'  between  the  line  from  the  center  of  sheave 
to  center  of  drum  and  the  line  from  the  center  of  sheave  to  the  outer  side  of 
drum. 

Renewal  of  Sheaves     The  upkeep  of  a  piece  of  machinery  is  essential  in 
order  to  secure  the  best  wire  rope  service.    If  sheaves 

become  badly  scored  or  worn,  a  new  rope  will  not  work  properly  and  many 
careful  users  of  wire  rope  insist  on  changing  the  sheaves  or  turning  out  the 
grooves  before  a  new  rope  is  put  on.  This  insures  best  conditions  for  rope 
service.  For  mine  hoisting  in  particular  the  best  practice  is  to  make  the  large 
sheaves  and  drums  with  liners  which  can  be  taken  out  and  renewed  when  they 
wear  out  or  whenever  a  new  rope  is  installed. 


American  Wire  Rope 


Speed  of  Wire  Rope     A  high  velocity  on  a  wire  rope  means  that  the  rope 
will  not  last  as  long  as  if  only  a  medium  velocity  were 

employed.  Of  course  a  high  velocity  means  that  more  work  is  accomplished 
in  a  given  time,  but  it  is  better  to  have  the  load  increased  and  the  rope  slightly 
larger  with  the  speed  correspondingly  slower  to  get  the  best  results  as  far  as 
tonnage  handled. 

Reversed  Bending     By  this  term  we  refer  to  that  sort  of  bending  in  which 
a  wire    rope  is    first   bent  around  one  sheave  in   one 

direction  and  at  some  other  section  the  same  rope  is  passed  around  another 
sheave  with  a  bend  diametrically  opposite.  This  is  an  exceedingly  severe 
condition  of  rope  service  and  its  use  should  be  avoided  wherever  possible. 
There  is  no  known  way  in  which  a  wire  rope  may  be  worn  out  more  rapidly 
by  bending  than  by  the  use  of  the  reversed  bend.  We  have  practically 
demonstrated  that  this  is  one  of  the  severest  conditions  that  wire  rope  has 
to  meet.  In  many  places  by  a  little  study  or  a  slight  change  in  design  this 
feature  can  be  avoided.  It  is  of  sufficient  importance  that  many  users  of 
rope  cha-nge  their  machinery  over  to  get  around  it  on  account  of  the  vastly 
increased  service  which  they  obtain  from  a  rope  where  this  condition  is  absent. 
Reverse  bending  cannot  be  too  strongly  condemned.  There  is  a  very  limited 
number  of  cases  where  this  reversed  bending  cannot  be  avoided,  and  at  such 
times  the  rope  has  to  be  sacrificed,  but  knowing  the  bad  effects  resulting 
from  such  reversed  bending,  it  is  desired  to  sound  a  note  of  warning  that 
should  be  heeded  by  all. 

Handling  of  Wire  Rope     It  is  not  probable  that  any  one  would  intentionally 

mishandle  a  piece  of  wire  rope  in  installing  it,  but 

we  feel  that  a  word  of  caution  should  be  given.  In  the  first  place  a  wire  rope 
does  not  handle  like  a  manila  rope,  in  that  structurally  it  differs.  It  must  not 
be  coiled  or  uncoiled  like  a  hemp  rope.  If  it  is  received  in  a  coil  it  should  be 
unrolled  on  the  ground  like  a  hoop  and  straightened  out  before  attempting  to 
pass  it  around  the  sheaves  on  machinery.  If  it  is  received  upon  a  reel,  the 
reel  should  be  mounted  upon  jacks  or  a  shaft  so  that  it  will  turn  and  the  rope 
be  properly  unwound. 

Sudden  Stresses  It  is  very  essential  to  avoid  sudden  stresses  or  jerks  on  a 
wire  rope  because  this  increases  the  load  to  a  great  extent, 
as  will  be  noted  by  reference  to  Chapter  V,  Section  3,  page  47.  A  simple 
experiment  will  demonstrate  the  effect  of  this.  A  piece  of  twine  fairly  strong 
may  be  easily  snapped  by  a  quick  pull. 

Galvanized  Rope     This  is  not  used  for  general   hoisting    or    general   pur- 
poses because  the  zinc  wears  off  rapidly  from  running 
over  sheaves  and  drums.      Galvanized  ropes  are  about  10  per  cent  less  in 


70  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

— 7? 

strength  than  ungalvanized  ropes.  The  strengths  forv  galvanized  ropes  not 
shown  in  this  catalogue  can  be  furnished  upon  application. 

Protectiftn  of  Wire  Rope     A  wire  rope  that  runs  out  of  doors  should  be 

protected  as  far  as  possible  from  the  weather  by 

the  application  of  some  suitable  lubricant.  We  manufacture  a  lubricant  which 
is  an  especially  heavy  compound  for  coating  wire  rope.  It  will  adhere  as 
tenaciously  as  any  compound  that  we  know  of  and  has  been  successfully 
used  for  this  purpose.  All  ropes,  whether  for  inside  or  outside  work,  should 
be  given  some  lubrication  to  keep  them  pliable.  If  this  lubrication  is  omitted, 
internal  as  well  as  external  rust  may  set  in,  stiffening  the  rope  and  causing  it 
to  give  poor  service.  See  page  199. 

Working  Loads  These  have  been  carefully  considered  in  Chapter  V,  Section 
9,  but  a  good  rule  to  follow  is  that  these  should  not  exceed 
one-fifth  of  the  ultimate  breaking  stress  of  the  rope.  On  a  guy  rope  this  is 
sometimes  exceeded,  but  it  never  should  be  in  mines  or  elevators  where 
human  life  is  at  stake. 

Wire  Rope  Transmission     There  are  not  a  great  many  applications  requir- 
ing an  endless  wire  rope  for  transmitting  power. 

Such  applications,  however,  require  pulleys  lined  with  wood,  leather  or  rubber 
in  order  to  ensure  the  most  successful  operation.  See  page  234. 

Rope  Exposed  to  Heat     A  few  conditions  exist  where  rope  is  exposed  to 

intense  heat  and  at  such  places  a  soft  iron  wire 

center  is  usually  substituted,  and  sometimes  asbestos.  The  latter,  however, 
rapidly  disintegrates  under  constant  bending,  and  we  therefore  do  not  recom- 
mend its  use.  For  either  of  these  special  centers  add  10  per  cent  to  the  list 
price  of  rope  with  hemp  center. 


American  Wire  Rope 


71 


Chapter  VII 

How  to   Order  Wire  Rope 

Use  the  exact  terms  given  in  catalogue  describing  the  rope  required,  stating 
length,  size,  diameter  (or  circumference),  quality,  number  of  strands,  number 
of  wires  in  the  strand,  and  whether  hemp  center  or  wire  center  is  wanted, 
also  whether  bright  or  galvanized  is  desired,  e.  g.,  750  feet  long,  1^  inches 
in  diameter,  plow  steel  hoisting  rope,  six  strands,  nineteen  wires,  hemp  center, 
one  piece. 

If  rope  is  to  be  equipped  with  thimbles,  sockets,  hooks,  links,  loops  or 
other  fittings,  state  the  length  from  the  pull  of  thimble,  socket,  hook,  link, 
loop,  etc.,  to  end  of  the  rope.  Where  fittings  are  to  be  put  on  each  end, 
be  sure  and  state  the  length  from  pull  to  pull  of  fittings. 


If  in  doubt  as  to  the  material  to  be  used,  the  conditions  under  which  the 
rope  operates  should  be  given  or  a  sample  of  rope  that  is  satisfactory  sub- 
mitted so  that  the  proper  quality  and  construction  may  be  furnished. 

If  possible,  submit  a  rough  sketch  with  the  order,  or  inquiry  showing  the 
size  and  relative  position  of  the  sheaves,  together  with  the  figures  of  maximum 
load  in  pounds.  This  greatly  facilitates  a  complete  understandir  ~  of  the  require- 
ments which  the  rope  must  fill.  See  page  72. 

When  ordering  rope  for  elevators,  state  whether  hoisting,  counterweight, 
or  hand  or  valve  or  safety  rope  is  wanted,  also  whether  right  or  left  lay  is 
desired.  The  ropes  used  for  these  purposes  all  differ  and  are  not  inter- 
changeable. 

For  convenience  in  installing  elevator  hoisting  or  counterweight  ropes 
when  used  in  pairs  or  two-part  lines,  we  will,  at  no  extra  expense,  wind  the  rope 
upon  a  reel  with  the  length  of  rope  doubled  in  the  middle  so  that  the  loop  will 
come  off  the  reel  first  or  last  as  desired. 

Further  information  is  contained  in  Chapter  VIII  on  practical  applications 
of  wire  rope,  pages  72-118. 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Chapter  VIII 

Practical  Wire  Rope  Applications 

The  vast  number  of  devices  employing  wire  rope  as  a  flexible  medium  for 
utilizing  mechanical  or  electric  power  in  the  handling  of  various  commercial 
problems,  would  require  a  large  work  if  each  were  to  be  but  briefly  described. 
The  leading  principles  involved  can,  however,  be  shown  by  a  few  typical 
illustrations  selected  from  the  many  that  are  available.  The  following  seven- 
teen divisions  have  been  chosen  for  illustration : 

Page 

1.  Aeroplanes      .........  73 

2.  Cableways  and  tramways         .,«...  74 

3.  Cable  roads    .........  77 

4.  Clam  shell  buckets 79 

5.  Cranes   ..........  81 

6.  Derricks 83 

7.  Elevators — hydraulic,  electric  and  power  driven           .          .  85 

8.  Excavating  machinery,  including  dredges,  steam  shovels,  etc.  92 

9.  Ferries 96 

10.  Guying  for  derricks,  ships,  etc.            .....  97 

11.  Loading  and  unloading  machinery    .          .          .          .          .102 

12.  Lumbering,  including  skidding  and  loading        .          .         .  104 

13.  Mining  rope  arrangements         ......  107 

14.  Oil  well  drilling 114 

15.  Suspension  bridges  .          .          .         .          .          „          .          .116 

16.  Stump  pulling         ........  117 

17.  Towing  devices         .         .         .         .          .    -      .         .          .  118 

In  order  to  more  clearly  show  the  rope  action,  the  working  parts  of  the 
machinery  involved  alone  have  been  depicted  in  most  cases,  all  details  that 
would  obstruct  the  clearness  of  the  diagrams  having  been  omitted. 

Wire  rope  for  any  of  the  purposes  detailed  in  this  chapter,  as  well  as 
many  others,  can  oe  supplied,  but  in  case  customers  have  machinery  of  the 
types  shown  herein,  it  will  facilitate  a  clear  understanding  if  reference  is  made 
in  correspondence  to  the  type  of  the  machinery  that  is  being  used,  provided  it 
is  illustrated  herein.  Machinery  shown  represents  commercial  machinery  of 
leading  machine  builders  in  the  United  States. 


American  Wire  Rope 


7:5 


Division    1 

Aeroplanes     One  of  the  latest  comers  into  the  field  of  wire  rope  users  is  the 
aeroplane,  and  for  its  use  special  kinds  have  been  devised  known 
as  aeroplane  stay  strand  and  flexible  rudder  steering  cord  (page  183). 


.|       "  i|     ||     'i.     t.       .!      !,      i!      II     .1      II      V      !l    i      II      n FT 


74 


American  Steel  and  Wire   Company 


Division   2 

Cableways  and  Tramways     Cableways  consist  of  one  or  more  large  stationary 

track  cables  stretched  between  suitable  towers 

with  auxiliary  smaller  ropes  for  moving  the  mechanism.  The  principal  use  of 
cableways  is  for  conveying  large  loads  for  a  limited  distance  between  the  two 
main  towers,  also  for  excavating,  dam  building,  canal  work,  logging,  deep  pit 
quarrying,  and  the  conveying  of  any  bulk  material  where  natural  obstructions 
interfere  with  any  other  method  of  operation.  It  is  preferable  to  use  for  the 


Si 

S3 

o  o 


American  Wire  Rope 


75 


main  cables  the  locked  wire  track  cable  shown  on  pages  24  and  101,  especially 
if  the  cableway  is  for  constant  operation,  as  the  efficiency  will  be  greater  than 
the  round  wire  cable  described  on  page  190.  The  first  cost  of  the  locked 
wire  type  is  of  course  greater  than  that  of  the  round  wire  cable,  but  the 
increased  life  of  the  former  makes  it  cheaper  in  the  long  run. 

The  two  types  of  cable  ways  shown  below  are  among  the  latest  types  and 
are  facsimiles  of  the  thirteen  now  being  used  at  the  Panama  Canal,  building 
the  locks  at  Gatun.  Each  uses  a  two  and  one-quarter-inch  locked  wire  track 
cable  for  the  main  cable. 


76 


American    Steel    and 


Company 


As  usually  constructed,  cableways  may  be  used  to  handle  a  single  load  at 
any  point  between  the  towers  and  discharge  at  any  other  point  between  them, 
either  into  cars  or  to  a  spoil  bank. 

Aerial  Tramways  are  recognized  in  contradistinction  to  cableways  in  the 
fact  that,  as  ordinarily  constructed,  they  are  designed  to  move  a  number  of 
lighter  loads  in  a  continuous  circuit  over  comparatively  long  distances.  The 
materials  are  carried  in  receptacles  (buckets  usually)  suspended  from  carriages 
on  stationary  track  cables  of  the  Locked  Coil  construction  (see  page  190) 
supported  at  varying  elevations  above  the  ground. 

The  loaded  carriers  travel  along  a  line  of  track  cable  in  one  direction, 
and  the  empty  carriers  in  returning  along  a  similar  parallel  track  cable,  these 
cables  being  of  sizes  corresponding  to  the  weights  they  have  to  support. 
Motion  is  imparted  to  the  carriers  by  a  comparatively  light  endless  rope 
commonly  known  as  the  traction  rope,  by  means  of  large  sheaves  at  either 
end,  one  for  driving,  and  the  other,  which  is  usually  mounted  on  a  slide 
actuated  by  a  counterweight,  for  maintaining  the  requisite  tension  in  this  rope. 
The  application  of  tension,  however,  may  be  at  either  terminal  station  as 
desired.  The  carriers  are  despatched  at  definite  intervals,  determined  by  the 
individual  loads,  the  amount  of  material  to  be  transported  in  a  given  time,  and 
the  speed.  For  further  particulars  parties  are  referred  to  our  separate  pub- 
lication entitled  "Aerial  Tramways,"  which  fully  describes  and  illustrates  the 
various  equipments  of  this  kind  that  we  manufacture. 


~SS 2W5 «fe *5 355- 

PROFILE       OF     BUEICHERT      AERIAU    TRAMWAY 


American  \Vire  Rope 


77 


Division   3 

Cable  Roads     Before  the  introduction  of  electric  power  for  street  railways, 
cable  roads  were  very  largely  used.     They  are  still  used  for 
very  steep  inclines,  and  also  on  industrial  narrow  gage  roads. 

The  illustrations  which  follow  show  a  large  broad  gage  industrial  cable 
road,  also  two  narrow  gage  industrial  roads  used  on  docks  for  handling  coal 
and  iron  ore.  Also  an  illustration  of  an  incline  railway  running  up  a  mountain. 


CABLE    ROAD 


CAP.      GKIP.S 


c 


•i 1 1- 


H 1 


COAL      DOCK    HAULA6E    ROAD     AND     BFUDGC 


78 


Americaii  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


— I 1 1 1 1 1 l— 

COAL    DOCK     HAVLACE    «OAO    OOVBIC.   U<»OP 


L) 


o 


ORE    DOCK   HAULAGE    ROAD     FOR    BROAD    GUAGE    CARS 


American  Wire  Rope 


79 


Division   4 

Clam  Shell  Buckets     These   consist  of   two    scoops   pivoted  together  and 
operated  by  two  sets  of  ropes  known  respectively  as 

the  holding  rope  and  the  opening  or  closing  rope.  The  former  is  attached  to 
the  top  of  the  bucket  by  means  of  a  thimble  or  socket  spliced  into  the  end  of 
the  rope,  while  the  opening  or  closing  rope  passes  down  into  the  bucket  and 
around  several  sheaves  variously  arranged  to  give  a  heavy  force  to  close  the 
two  jaws  of  the  bucket.  The  various  types  of  bucket  differ  in  the  methods  of 
working  the  opening  and  holding  ropes.  Various  sizes  are  in  use  at  different 
points  varying  from  one  ton  up  to  twenty  tons  capacity.  As  a  general  propo- 
sition the  bucket  usually  weighs  nearly  as  much  as  the  load  it  carries,  the 
weight  being  necessary  to  give  sufficient  strength  as  well  as  digging  power. 


80 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


American  Wire  Rope 


SI 


Division  5 

* 

Cranes  For  handling  large  objects  in  buildings,  warehouses,  shops,  etc., 
electric  overhead  traveling  cranes  are  largely  used.  Their  operation 
is  simple,  consisting  of  a  drum  electrically  driven  and  a  wire  rope  tackle  block  of 
sufficient  number  of  parts  and  suitable  size  of  rope  to  handle  the  required  loads 
with  proper  safety  factor.  For  steel  mills  and  hot  metal  cranes,  foundries,  as 
well  as  for  crane  service  in  general,  the  6  x  37  rope  illustrated  on  pages  141  and 
142  will  be  found  particularly  useful. 


ELECTRIC     TRAVfcUIINC     CRANE. 


82 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


OH® 


LOCOMOTIVE     CRANE 


American  Wire  Rope 


83 


Division   6 

American  Patent  Non-spinning  Hoisting  Ropes  on  Back-haul 
Quarry  Derricks 

The  back-haul  derrick  derives  its  name  from  the  fact  that  the  great  lifting 
purchase  is  obtained  by  means  of  multiple  back-haul  blocks,  or  tackle,  moving 
up  and  down  the  back  of  the  mast.  The  pulling  line  from  the  tackle  blocks  runs 
through  the  derrick  step  to  the  hoisting  engine.  For  the  large  single  hoisting 
line,  American  Non-spinning  Rope  is  now  universally  employed,  having 
a  socket  and  hook,  or  socket  and  shackle,  at  one  end,  the  other  end  being 
attached  by  four  or  five  Crosby  clips  to  the  lower  tackle  block  on  the  back  of  the 


LARCt      SINGLE      LINC     BACK  HAUL     DERRICK 


mast.  This  lower  block  is  made  heavy  so  as  to  overhaul  the  slack  line  when 
the  engine  drum  is  released.  From  25  to  50  tons  may  be  lifted  with  a  single 
line,  and  by  doubling  the  line  through  the  shaft  at  the  hoisting  hook,  from  50 
to  100  ton  loads  are  handled  with  a  medium  size  hoisting  engine.  The  boom 
line  runs  out  at  the  top  of  the  mast  direct  to  the  engine.  The  bull  wheel  at 
the  base  of  the  mast  is  connected  with  the  engine  slewing  drum  by  two  wire 
lines  which  enable  the  engineer  to  swing  the  boom  with  its  load  in  either 
direction. 

The  special  feature  of  this  derrick  is  the  single  hoisting  line  which  possesses 
the  following  advantages :  No  heavy  sheave  block  is  required  at  the  hoisting 
hook.  The  socket  and  hook,  or  socket  and  shackle,  on  the  end  of  the  single 


84 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


line,  are  easily  carried  about  the  quarry  in  order  to  reach  and  drag  in  blocks 
beyond  the  radius  of  the  boom.  The  boom  may  be  raised  or  lowered  or 
swung  in  either  direction  while  hoisting  or  lowering  the  load. 

In  lifting  heavy  loads  with  a  single  line,  hoisting  rope  of  the  ordinary 
construction  permits  the  load  to  revolve.  This  spinning  of  the  free  load  sus- 
pended by  a  single  line  could  only  be  prevented  by  attaching  to  the  granite 
blocks  a  tag  line  held  by  one  or  two  men  while  the  blocks  are  being 
hoisted  and  swung  into  place.  By  the  adoption  of  American  Non- 
spinning  Rope  on  these  single  line  derricks,  heavy  loads  may  be  raised 
into  the  desired  position  without  the  use  of  a  tag  line,  because  the  free  load 
does  not  rotate. 


MEDIUM  SIZE    OUARRr    DEJWCK 


CRANC    DERRICK 


American  Wire  Rope  85 


Division  7 

Elevators  An  elevator  is  a  lifting  mechanism  consisting  of  a  cage  or  car 
propelled  by  suitable  power,  operated  to  raise  or  lower  passengers 
or  freight. 

The  proper  operation  of  these  elevators  necessitates  a  medium  by  means 
of  which  the  power  for  raising  or  lowering  the  car  may  be  applied.  In  the 
early  days  of  elevators,  chain  was  sometimes  used,  but  it  was  found  to  be 
unreliable  and  so  wire  rope  has  taken  its  place.  The  reason  is  of  course  the 
liability  of  breakage  due  to  defective  welds  in  the  various  links  of  the  chain, 
which  liability  increases  with  the  length  of  chain  used,  and  also  the  crystaliza- 
tion  of  the  links  of  the  chain  from  constant  strain  and  bending.  A  wire  rope 
composed  of  a  large  number  of  wires,  each  tested  individually  and  then  manu- 
factured, possesses  the  reliability  so  necessary  for  transmitting  and  controlling 
mechanism  of  an  elevator. 

In  order  to  place  the  matter  clearly  before  the  reader  we  have  divided 
elevators  into  three  classes  as  follows: 

1.  Hydraulic 

a .  Direct  plunger  type. 

b.  Side  plunger  type. 

c.  Horizontal  plunger  type. 

2.  Electrically  driven 

a.  Electric  geared  elevator, 

b.  Electric  traction  elevator, 

3.  Worm  geared  elevators 

a.  Electric. 

b.  Belt  driven. 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


a.  Hydraulic  Elevators 


of  the  direct    plunger  type  employ  counterweight 
ropes,  valve  or  hand  rope  (sometimes  called  shipper 


rope),  and  safety  stop  ropes. 


b.  Side  Plunger  Elevators     depend  upon  the  plunger  for  counterweight  and 

usually  have  a  regulating  rope  to  control   the 

speed  of  the  cage  in  case  of  accident  or  excessive  speed.     The  other  ropes  are 
the  main  hoisting  ropes  and  the  valve  or  hand  rope. 


American  Wire  Rope 


87 


SIDE    PLUNGER 


c.  Horizontal  Plunger  Elevators  require  counterweight  ropes,  main  hoist- 
ing ropes,  hand  or  valve  ropes  and 
regulating  ropes. 


88 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


HORIZONTAL  PLUN6ER  ELEVATOR 


Valve  ropes  are  largely  operated  by  means  of  a  shifter  lever  situated  in 
the  elevator  car,  although  if  the  speed  is  not  too  great  they  may  be  operated 
by  hand. 

Direct  hydraulic  elevators  have  been  successfully  used  on  buildings  up  to 
twenty-one  stories. 


American  Wire  Rope 


89 


2.  Electrically  Driven  Elevators     a.  The  electrically  geared  elevators  have 

various  methods  of  operation,  but  the  two 

principal  ones  are  to  place  the  elevator  drums  either  in  the  basement  or  the 
attic  of  a  building.  With  the  drum  in  the  attic  two  sets  of  ropes  are  used,  the 
main  hoisting  ropes  and  counterweight  ropes.  Both  are  attached  to  the  same 
drum  and  as  one  set  of  ropes  wind  on  the  other  set  wind  off. 

With  drums  located  in  the  basement  there  are  three  sets  of  ropes  known 
as  main  hoisting  ropes,  car  counterweight  ropes  and  drum  counterweight  ropes. 


ELECTRIC 


ELECTRIC  OR  BELT  DRIVEN  ELEVATOR 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


3.  Worm  Geared  Elevators     These  are  used  principally  in  factories  where 

power  is  already  available  and  are  belted  and 

worm  geared  to  insure  safety  and  moderate  speed.     These  elevators  require 
main  hoisting  ropes,  car  counterweight  ropes  and  hand  rope  or  shifter  rope. 


WORM     GEARED   ELEVATOR 


American  Wire  Rope 


b.  Electric  Traction  Elevators 


use  the  same  set  of  ropes  for  both  hoisting 
and    counterweight   purposes,   there   being 

two  drums  around  which  each  rope  passes  from  the  car  to  the  counterweight. 

This  type  of  elevator  has  been  used  on  some  very  tall  buildings. 


ELECTRIC  TRACTION  ELEVATOR 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Division  8 

Excavating    Machinery,  including    Steam  Shovels,   Dipper 
and   Suction    Dredges 

For  dry  land  excavation,  for  railroad,  canal  or  irrigation  work,  steam 
shovels  are  largely  used.  A  good  many  of  the  most  modern  shovels  use  rope 
exclusively  for  digging  in  place  of  chain  which  was  formerly  considered  indis- 
pensable for  shovel  work.  Almost  all  shovels,  however,  use  wire  rope  for 
swinging  cables.  Some  of  the  principal  types  are  shown  diagrammatically 
below. 


STEAW      SHOVEL. 


American  Wire  Rope 


For  excavating  under  water  dredging  is  almost  universally  resorted  to, 
and  either  the  dipper  or  the  suction  type  of  dredge  used.  The  dipper  dredge 
resembles  the  steam  shovel  except  that  it  is  a  component  part  of  a  boat,  whereas 
the  steam  shovel  operates  from  a  railroad  car  platform.  Various  sizes  of 
dippers  are  used,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  dredge  boat,  three-quarter 
yard  up  to  twelve  yards  being  the  commercial  range.  The  smaller  sizes  of 
dredges  are  mostly  used  for  drainage,  ditching  and  dock  construction,  while 
the  larger  sizes  are  employed  in  digging  deep  channels  in  lakes  and  harbors. 
Ropes  used  are  of  three  kinds,  main  hoisting  cable,  swinging  cable  and  spud 
cables. 


LARGE    OIPPCR      DREDGE 


MEDIUM    DIPPER    DREDGE 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


h 


SPVD   RCPCS 


AUCTION 


Large  dredges  use  two  or  three  parts  of  medium  sized  rope  or  one  part  of 
a  very  large  rope  frequently  made  with  a  wire  center  to  get  additional  strength. 
Small  dredges  for  canal  work  employ  bank  spuds,  but  large  dredges  employ 
steel-capped  timber  spuds. 

Suction  dredges  consist  of  a  rotary  cutter  and  hydraulic  suction  pump 
through  which  the  excavated  material  passes.  The  rotary  cutter  is  mounted 


American  Wire  Rope 


95 


on  a  ladder  which  can  be  lowered  or  raised  as  required  by  the  ladder  hoist 
ropes.  One  pair  of  swinging  cables  attached  to  anchors  and  around  the  ladder 
sheaves  and  winding  on  separate  drums  swing  the  dredge  back  and  forth  while 
the  spuds  keep  the  cutter  from  backing  off.  Suction  dredges  are  employed 
for  digging  wide  channels  and  the  excavated  material  is  carried  on  pontoons 
through  a  discharge  pipe  to  suitable  dumping  ground. 


Bucket  Ladder  Dredge  with  Conveyor 


96 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Division  9 

Wire  Rope  Ferries     These  are  operated  by  means  of  an  overhead  cable  and 
a  ferry  traveler  running  upon  the  same.    A  tackle  block 

is  arranged  forward  and  aft,  and  the  boat  is  carried  across  the  stream  by  means 
of  the  current,  the  boat  being  reversed  or  carried  at  an  angle  to  the  current, 
which  acts  as  the  propelling  medium  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  shown  in  the 
sketch  below. 


l\ 


\\ 


WIRE 


American  Wire  Rope 


97 


Division    1O 

Guying  for  Derricks,  Ships  Rigging,  Stacks,  Etc. 

Galvanized  ropes  are  employed  almost  exclusively  for  this  class  of  work 
on  account  of  their  durability.  The  stresses  on  guy  ropes  at  various  angles  are 
fully  described  in  Chapter  V,  Section  8,  pages  60  to  63.  Wherever  possible 
guy  ropes  should  be  equally  spaced  all  around  the  derrick,  smokestack  or  mast 
which  it  is  desired  to  guy  because  in  most  cases  the  strain  on  the  guys  due  to 
the  load  will  come  at  some  time  with  equal  effect  on  all  the  guy  ropes.  In 
quarries  the  derrick  guy  ropes  are  sometimes  passed  around  trees  and  fastened 
with  Crosby  clips,  or  an  eye  bolt  is  made  fast  to  a  part  of  the  rock  in  the 
quarry  and  the  guy  rope  made  fast  by  means  of  Crosby  clips  and  thimble  or  a 
shackle. 

Where  derricks  have  to  be  moved  occasionally,  or  guys  moved  for  any 
reason,  the  guy  ropes  may  be  made  up  in  sections  with  thimbles  spliced  in  each 
end  of  each  piece.  These  are  generally  50  or  100-foot  lengths,  so  that  they 
can  be  lengthened  or  shortened  at  will.  Such  a  fastening  is  illustrated  below. 

When  it  is  necessary  to  guy  very  securely,  double  guys  are  used,  e.  g., 
instead  of  twelve  separate  guys,  six  pairs  may  be  used  with  fairly  good  results. 

In  order  to  take  up  slack  in  guy  ropes,  galvanized  iron  turnbuckles  such 
as  shown  on  pages  220  and  221  are  used.  Separate  turnbuckles  are  required 
on  each  of  the  guys  requiring  to  be  tightened. 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


3  GUYS 


•6- 


GUYS 


GUYS 


6   GUYS 


7  GUYS 


6  GUYS 


GUYS 


10  GUYS 


II  GUYS 


4- PAIR    GUYS  5  PAIR  GU/S  6  PAIR    GUYS 


American  Wire  Rope 


99 


Plan  of  Smokestack  Gnys  of  C.  S.  Battleanip  Connecticut 
n>-»  ol  ial  v»ui*ed  iron,  0  •traaiU,  7  wire*  each,  2  1>2  inohra  ciroumlereuce.  18.OOO  i 


Guys  on  Battleship  Connecticut 

The  stacks  of  the  Connecticut  are  guyed  with  galvanized  iron  guy  rope 
composed  of  six  strands  of  seven  wires  each  about  a  hemp  center,  having  a 
strength  of  nine  tons.  On  the  top  of  the  stacks  and  at  the  midway  anchorages 
they  are  fastened  to  the  stacks  by  means  of  heavy  galvanized  shackles,  and 
upon  the  deck,  turret  and  flying  bridge  anchorages,  they  are  fastened  by  means 
of  turnbuckles.  The  guys  running  between  the  stacks  are  similarly  anchored, 
turnbuckles  being  inserted  on  the  bowsides  of  the  second  and  third  stacks. 
The  guy  ropes  attached  to  the  flying  bridge  are  made  of  phosphor  bronze, 
because  the  use  of  steel  or  iron  rope  would  affect  the  magnetic  instruments  in 
the  chart  room  just  below  them.  The  turnbuckles  attaching  them  to  the  flying 
bridge  are  also  made  of  phosphor  bronze. 

The  tables,  page  101,  show  how  largely  wire  rope  has  displaced  manila 
rope  for  yacht  rigging.  The  advantages  possessed  by  an  American  galvanized 
plow  steel  wire  rope  over  manila  rope  may  be  given  briefly  as  follows : 

It  does  not  shrink  nor  stretch  as  does  all  manila  rope. 

Has  seven  times  the  strength  of  the  same  size  of  manila  rope. 

Is  one-third  the  diameter  of  manila  rope  of  the  same  strength. 

Is  50  per  cent  lighter  than  manila  rope  of  the  same  strength. 

Being  made  of  heavily  galvanized  wires,  it  does  not  rust  nor  rot,  but  is 
good  for  many  years  of  hard  service. 


100 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Guys  on  Sailing  Yacht 

Specifications  of  the  Wire  Rope  and  Manila  Rope 

Employed  in  the  Equipment  of  the 

Yacht   "Taormina" 

Designed  and  Built  by  Geo.  Lawley  &  Son,  Boston 
American  Wire  Rope  Used 


A.  Mainsail  D. 

B.  Foresail  E. 

C.  Fore-staysail  F. 


The  Sails 

Jib 

Jib  topsail 

Small  jib  topsail 


G.      Foregaff-topsail 

H.     Main  gaff-topsail 

I.       Main  topmast-staysail 


Sail  and  Rigging  Plan  oi  Yacht 


American  Wire  Rope  J, , ,  ;V',  \  '  ',/>  ^;  j'v  10J,J' 


The  Crucible  Wire  Rope 

Galvanized  Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope,  six  strands,  nineteen  wires  each, 
one  hemp  center. 

Flexible  for  running  through  blocks. 


Circumference 
in  Inches 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

W    1 

1M 

K 

W  18 

IX 

TV 

W    2 

IK 

K 

W  20 

IX 

TV 

W    8 

iK 

W  21 

IX 

W  11 

\y% 

H 

W  22 

i* 

W  12 

IX 

yV 

W  28 

W  16 

IX 

W  32 

IK 

K 

W  17 

IX 

TV 

Galvanized  Plow  Steel  Standing  Rope,  six  strands,  seven  wires  each, 
one  hemp  center. 

For  standing  shrouds  or  straight  hauls  only.  Not  for  running  through 
blocks. 


Circumference 
in  Inches 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

W    3 

2 

H 

W  19 

IX 

. 

W    4 

IK 

K 

W  23 

3 

W    5 

2 

W24 

2X 

W    6 

IX 

TV 

W  25 

IX 

TV 

W    7 

IX 

TV 

W  26 

K 

W    9 

IX 

_7 

W27 

2  2 

^ 

W  10 

2 

^ 

W  29 

3 

1 

W13 

IK 

K 

W30 

IX 

W  14 

K 

W  31 

IX 

V 

W  15 

IX 

The  Manila  Rope  Rigging 

Four  strands,  long  fibre. 


Circumference 

Diameter 

Circumference 

Diameter 

in  Inches 

in  Inches 

in  Inches 

in  Inches 

M  1 

2K 

if 

M    6 

2X 

X 

M  2 

IX 

TV 

M    7 

M  3 

IX 

TV 

M    8 

IX 

TV 

M  4 
M  5 

IX 
IX 

£ 

M    9 
M10 

2X 

r 

The  use  of  manila  rope  is  confined  to  the  sheets  and  lower  purchases  on 
halyards  and  backstays.  The  topmast  backstay  W  9,  is  of  wire  with  a  manila 
purchase  near  the  deck  for  greater  convenience  in  handling  and  fastening  to 
the  deck  cleats.  The  upper  parts  of  halyards  are  of  wire,  but  the  lengths 
leading  on  to  the  deck  are  of  manila. 


Ainerican  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Division    11 

Loading  and  Unloading  Machinery     For  the  handling  of  bulk  materials  such 

as  iron  ore,  coal,  etc.,  from  vessels  to 

cars,  there  have  been  designed  in  recent  years  very  efficient  hoists  employing 
some  kind  of  clam  shell  bucket.  For  unloading  iron  ore  from  vessels  we  have 
ore  conveyors  or  ore  bridges,  and  for  unloading  coal,  the  coal  tower.  The 
various  ore  handling  machines  are  usually  named  from  their  makers,  and 
Brown  hoists,  Hewlett  machines,  fast  hoists,  etc.,  are  familiar  names  to  many 
rope  users.  The  diagrams  shown  below  illustrate  some  of  the  types  in 
common  use. 


CUE     UNLOADE*  P.I6 


ORE     UNLOADER    RlG 


American  Wire  Rope 


103 


CPE    UNLOADED 


3A'_LK5r  VNUOAPER  AND  TRAIN. 


104 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Division   12 

Lumbering,  including     The  great  lumbering  industry  depends  for  its  suc- 

Skidding  and  Loading     Cessful  operation  to  a  marked  degree  on  getting  the 

logs  to  the  mill  with  the  least  possible  expense.     To 

facilitate  this,  there  have  been  devised  skidding  machines  of  different  kinds, 
loaders  and  pull  boats. 

Where  the  ground  is  swampy,  overhead  cableway  skidders  are  largely  used, 
but  where  the  ground  is  firm  a  portable  skidding  machine  with  one  or  two 
booms  is  usually  employed  for  medium  sized  timber.  For  very  large  timber, 
however,  it  is  customary  to  mount  a  large  engine,  boiler  and  geared  drum  on  a 
heavy  log  platform  and  pull  the  logs  in  by  main  force.  The  type  of  machinery 
is  thus  adapted  to  the  character  of  the  work,  and  it  is  also  true  that  the  kinds 
of  wire  rope  employed  for  these  several  uses  have  been  designed  to  meet  as 
far  as  possible  the  character  of  the  machinery  and  the  kind  of  work  to  be 
performed.  In  no  other  industrial  work  is  wire  rope  worked  under  such  con- 
stantly heavy  loads,  and  it  is  not  surprising  that  under  such  conditions  that 
sometimes  a  strand  breaks  or  the  rope  parts.  Logs  frequently  foul  with  roots, 
stumps  and  other  logs,  and  much  skill  is  required  of  operators  of  skidding 
machines  to  get  out  the  logs  promptly  without  unduly  overstraining  the  rope. 
Where  timber  is  located  along  a  navigable  stream,  pull  boats  are  frequently  used 
which  pull  logs  for  several  miles  out  of  the  woods. 


OVERHEAD     LOG   SKIDOtR 


American  Wire  Rope 


105 


•4   LINE      SKIODER     WITH     DECKING   LINES 


COWBINtD        SKIDOER   AMD    LOADER 


106 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


LOG   LOADER 


o 


SKIDDING  Rape 


GROUND     -SKID0ER 


American  Wire  Rope 


107 


Division  13 

Mining  Rope  Arrangements      For  vertical  shaft  work  it  is  customary  to  use 

almost  universally  the  6x19  construction  rope 

of  one  of  the  grades  shown  on  pages  129-131  of  this  handbook.  The  cages  are 
usually  arranged  in  pairs  so  that  as  one  is  lowered  the  other  is  raised,  this 
being  known  as  the  balanced  hoist  system.  Two  types  of  hoisting  drums  are 
in  common  use,  the  flat  drum  and  the  conical  drum,  the  latter  being  designed 
to  give  a  slower  starting  speed  when  the  cage  is  lifted  from  the  bottom 
of  the  mine. 


D 


BALANCED   HOIST 
FLAT     DRUMS 


D 


BALANCED    HOIST 
CONICAL    DRUMS 


108  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

The  simplest  arrangement  is  for  the  ropes  to  pass  directly  from  the  drum  to 
two  head  sheaves  carried  on  a  wooden  or  steel  tower,  each  sheave  lined  with  the 
center  of  that  part  of  the  drum  on  which  the  rope  has  to  wind.  It  is 
customary  with  either  the  flat  or  conical  drum  to  attach  one  rope  to  the  under 
side  of  the  drum  and  the  other  rope  to  the  top  of  the  drum,  leaving  several 
turns  on  the  drum  when  the  cage  is  resting  on  the  bottom  of  the  mine  shaft. 
The  names  "  underwind  "  and  "  overwind  "  are  applied  to  these  two  ropes. 

Conical  drums  are  used  more  frequently  on  shorter  mine  ropes,  but  unless 
the  smaller  end  has  nearly  as  large  a  diameter  as  would  be  used  for  a  flat 
drum,  the  rope  service  may  not  be  much  better  than  with  a  flat  drum.  It  is 
a  debatable  point  as  to  which  type  of  drum  is  the  better. 

We  recommend  wherever  possible  that  installations  of  mine  hoist  ropes 
be  made  with  as  few  bends  as  possible  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  two 
preceding  diagrams.  In  case  a  shaft  has  to  be  changed  or  if  the  engine 
room  cannot  be  located,  so  as  to  carry  the  rope  in  the  manner  indicated,  a  turn 
sheave  may  be  used  with  suitable  lead  and  intermediate  supporting  sheaves 
to  carry  the  rope. 


American  Wire  Rope 


109 


BALANCED     WHITING    HOIST 


HIM 


6X19   ROPE 


Mine  haulage  systems  are  very  widely  different  one  from  another,  so  much 
so  that  it  may  almost  be  said  that  there  are  hardly  any  two  alike.  At  the 
same  time  there  are  in  common  use  three  leading  systems  known  respectively  as 

1.  Endless  Haulage  Rope  System. 

2.  Tail  Rope  System. 

J.      Gravity  Inclined  Plane. 


110 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


1.  The  endless  system  consists  of  a  wire  rope  usually  Gx7  construction, 
spliced  endless  with  small  cars  gripped  on  to  the  rope  at  regular  intervals 
either  singly  or  in  groups  of  two  or  three.  Two  kinds  of  drum  driving 
arrangements  are  usually  employed  known  as  the  elliptical  and  the  figure  8 
style  respectively.  The  elliptical  arrangement  is  preferable  to  the  figure 
8  as  the  rope  in  the  latter  case  is  subjected  to  reverse  bending  on  the  drums. 
Suitable  slip  rings  should  always  be  used  on  drums  to  equalize  the  tension  of 
the  different  winds  of  rope,  and  a  tension  carriage  with  counterweight  is  also 
necessary.  Position  of  engine  and  driving  drums  is  usually  dependent  upon 
the  location  of  pit  mouth.  Slow  speed  of  about  3  to  4  miles  per  hour  is  the 
average  of  this  system. 


ENDLESS   ROPE  HAULAGE     SYSTEM 


ENDLESS   ROPE     HAULAGE    SY-STEM 


American  Wire  Rope 


111 


6X7    ffOPC 


LNDLESS    ROPE    HAULAGE 


ENDLE.S5    ROPE     HAULAGE    SYSTEM 


112 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


2.  Tail  rope  systems  consist  of  two  ropes  known  respectively  as  head 
line  and  tail  line,  the  latter  usually  being  about  double  the  length  of  the 
former.  Each  rope  is  carried  upon  a  separate  drum  and  it  differs  from  the 
endless  system  in  that  its  operation  is  intermittent  and  the  cycle  of  operations 
is  for  the  head  line  to  pull  out  a  trip  of  about  fifty  loaded  cars  at  a  speed  of 
about  ten  miles  per  hour.  The  time  taken  for  the  trip  is  dependent  upon 
the  length  of  the  head  line.  The  tail  line  is  always  attached  to  the  rear  car 
of  the  trip  and  as  soon  as  the  loaded  cars  have  been  run  to  the  tipple 
by  gravity,  an  empty  trip  of  cars  is  pulled  back  into  the  mine  by  the  tail 
line  while  the  head  line  is  at  the  same  time  attached  to  the  front  end  of  the 
train.  The  train  of  loaded  cars  or  empty  cars,  as  the  case  may  be,  is  thus 
always  under  perfect  control  whether  coming  from  the  mine  or  returning  to  it. 


TAIL    ROPE    HAULAGE   SYSTEM 


_LL 


6  K7    F?OP£ 


TAIL  ROPE    HAULAGE    SYSTEM 


American  Wire  Rope 


113 


TAIL    ROPE    HAULAGE     SYSTEM 


TAIL  ROPE    HAULAGE     SYSTEM 


114 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Division  14 

Oil  Well  Drilling     The  oil  wells  of  the  United  States  use  many  thousands  of 
feet  of  wire  rope  in  the  drilling  of  wells.     The  first  thing 

that  is  done  to  drill  an  oil  well  is  to  erect  a  square  tapering  tower,  or  derrick 
as  it  is  called,  some  90  to  100  feet  high.  At  the  top  of  the  derrick  are  located 
the  sheaves  for  the  drilling  line  and  sand  line,  also  the  tackle  block  for  the 
tubing  or  casing  line. 


Oil  Well  Drilling  Rig  With  Carnegie 
Steel  Derrick 


American  Wire  Rope  115 


The  first  operation  of  drilling  is  known  as  spudding  and  consists  in  starting 
the  well  and  drilling  a  short  distance.  The  early  portion  of  the  work  is  fre- 
quently done  with  manila  rope  and  the  well  drilled  to  a  depth  of  600  to  800 
feet.  Wire  rope  is,  however,  being  successfully  used  for  the  whole  length  and 
gradually  displacing  manila,  especially  where  drillers  are  using  the  most 
advanced  methods.  Below  a  depth  of  600  or  800  feet  wire  rope  is  almost 
invariably  used. 

Wells  are  usually  started  with  10-inch  or  12-inch  casing  which  is  carried 
down  as  far  as  possible,  when  the  next  size  smaller  is  inserted  and  carried 
down  a  considerable  distance  farther.  It  frequently  happens  that  a  well  has 
to  be  finished  with  4-inch  casing.  For  each  different  size  of  casings  different 
sizes  and  weights  of  tools  are  used,  depending  upon  the  character  of  the  soil 
through  which  the  well  is  being  dug.  After  drilling  a  short  time  the 
drilling  line  and  tools  are  pulled  out  of  the  well  and  the  well  bailed  out  with 
the  sand  line  which  is  attached  to  a  tube  with  valve  in  the  bottom  known  as  a 
bailer  that  is  lowered  to  the  bottom  of  the  well  and  back  again  as  often  as 
may  be  necessary  to  get  out  the  mud  and  water.  Another  length  of  casing 
is  then  attached  to  the  main  casing  after  drilling  about  20  feet  and  the  casing 
lowered  that  far  before  drilling  is  resumed.  The  above  method  is  usually 
followed  where  the  soil  conditions  are  such  that  the  hole  is  liable  to  cave.  If, 
however,  the  drilling  is  through  rocky  ground  the  casing  is  usually  placed  at 
the  time  the  drilling  of  the  well  is  completed. 

The  successful  drilling  of  an  oil  well  is  not  a  matter  of  chance,  but  requires 
a  high  degree  of  skill,  for  the  well  driller  must  be  able  to  tell  by  placing  his 
hand  on  the  drilling  line  just  how  his  drills  are  working.  Many  difficulties 
may  be  encountered,  such  as  the  casing  becoming  crooked  and  the  rope  wearing 
it  in  two,  or  the  tools  may  stick  and  the  rope  break  in  getting  them  out, 
requiring  a  fishing  job  to  recover  the  tools.  All  these  conditions  must  be  met 
by  the  drilling  line.  Our  drilling  lines  are  especially  constructed  to  meet  these 
conditions.  Either  the  6  x  19  or  the  6  x  7  extra  strong  crucible  steel,  left  lay, 
may  be  used  for  this  work,  although  the  6x  19  rope  should  prove  the  superior 
of  the  two  constructions,  on  account  of  its  greater  flexibility.  See  pages  123 
and  130  of  this  book. 

Further  particulars  about  oil  wells  will  be  found  in  a  separate  pamphlet 
which  will  be  sent  upon  request  to  those  who  are  interested  in  this  line  of 
wire  rope  activity. 


116 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Division   15 

Suspension  Bridges     While  very  large  suspension  bridges  are  not  composed 
of  twisted  wire  cables,  still  smaller  highway  bridges 

and  foot  bridges  may  be  so  easily  and  cheaply  made  by  using  wire  ropes  as  to 
be  worthy  of  attention.  The  ropes  usually  used  for  this  work  are  those  shown 
on  pages  175  and  181  of  this  book.  Two  suitable  towers  are  necessary,  one  on 
either  bank  of  the  stream  and  the  main  ropes  passed  over  the  towers  and 
carried  back  to  suitable  anchorages.  Such  a  bridge  is  illustrated  below. 


If  the  vertical  suspenders  are  short,  rods  may  be  used  together  with 
clamps,  washers  and  nuts  and  the  cross  floor  timbers  attached  to  them.  The 
figures  necessary  to  calculate  the  size  of  the  cables  are  the  total  weight  to  be 
supported  by  each  cable  per  foot,  due  to  weight  of  floor  and  suspender  rods, 
and  also  the  maximum  live  load  on  the  bridge  at  any  given  time,  and  whether 
the  live  load  is  uniformly  distributed  or  in  the  center  of  the  span.  The 
formulae  and  information  in  Chapter  V,  pages  53  and  57,  may  then  be  used  to 
calculate  the  size  of  bridge  cables. 


American  Wire  Rope 


117 


Division   16 

Stump  Pulling  To  clear  land  of  stumps  or  imbedded  rocks,  a  stump  pulling 
or  grubbing  machine  is  almost  universally  used.  This 
grubbing  machine  consists  of  a  compact  horse-power  windlass  upon  which  a 
wire  rope  is  wound,  the  outer  end  being  fastened  around  the  stump  or  rock  to 
be  removed.  Only  wire  rope  of  great  strength  and  toughness  can  withstand 
the  severe  strain  and  the  bending  stresses  incident  to  this  service. 


GROSSING    rvtACHIMe    FOR    5TUIY1P    PULLING 


118 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Division   17 

Towing  Devices  For  all  heavy  sea  and  lake  towing,  tugs  and  towing  steamers 
are  equipped  with  automatic  steam  towing  machines  and 
galvanized  steel  wire  hawsers.  The  hawser  from  the  tow  leads  directly  on  to 
the  towing  machine  drum,  which  is  operated  by  steam.  In  a  sea  way,  the 
tension  of  the  hawser  varies.  Under  a  heavy  strain  the  hawser  is  drawn  from 
the  drum,  but  as  the  drum  rotates  it  opens  the  engine  throttle  until  the  steam 
pressure  in  the  cylinders  equalizes  the  pull  on  the  hawser.  When  the  tension 
is  diminished,  the  steam  causes  the  engines  to  haul  in  the  hawser  to  its  normal 
position,  when  the  throttle  is  automatically  closed.  Thus  a  uniform  tension  is 
maintained  on  the  hawser.  The  service  requires  an  extra  galvanized  steel 
hawser  of  great  flexibility  and  strength. 


American    Wire    Rope 


119 


Catalogue   Section 


Chapter  IX 

List  Prices  of  Wire  Rope 

Issued  Jan.  1,  1913.      Subject  to  Change  Without  Notice 


No. 

1  Transmission  Rope  ..... 

2  Hoisting  Rope    ....... 

3  Extra  Flexible  Rope         ..... 

4  Special  Flexible  Rope      ..... 

5  Flattened  Strand  Rope     ..... 

6  Tiller  Rope  ....... 

7  Non-spinning  Rope  ..... 

8  Steel  Clad  Hoisting  Rope        .... 

9  Galvanized  Guy  Rope        ..... 

10  Galvanized  Running  Rope       .... 

11  Galvanized  Hawsers    and    Mooring   Lines 

12  Galvanized  Bridge  Cables        .... 

13  Sash  Cord     ........ 

14  Galvanized  High  Strength  Aeroplane  Strand 

15  Galvanized  Flexible   Aeroplane    or   Motor 

Boat  Cord     ....... 

16  Galvanized  Mast  Arm      ..... 

17  Stone  Sawing  Strand         ..... 

18  Galvanized  Strand     ...... 

19  Track  Strand,  Round  and  Locked         .         . 

20  Clothes  Lines      ....... 

21  Flat  Rope     ........ 

22  A.  S.  &  W.  Shield  Filler  . 


12O-125 
126-132 
133-137 
138-143 
144-155 
155 

156-16O 

162-171 

175 

177 

178-18O 
181 
182 
183 

183 
184 
184 

186-188 
189-191 
192-193 
194-198 
199 


120 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


Wire  Rope  Lists 

Transmission,  Haulage  or  Standing  Rope 


We  present  these  lists  in  the  order  of  their  flexibility,  from  the  least  flex- 
ible to  the  most  flexible. 

This  rope  is  composed  of  6  strands  of  7  wires  each,  all  laid  around 
a  hemp  core.  Their  detail  application  is  explained  briefly  under  each  of 
the  five  following  lists.  The  particular  advantage  of  this  type  of  con- 
struction consists  in  its  coarse  wires  which  resist  abrasion  and  corrosion  to 
the  greatest  possible  extent.  It  is  not  a  flexible  rope,  however,  and  when- 
ever used  must  have  the  largest  possible  sheaves  and  drums  over  which  to 
operate. 

This  rope  is  made  in  five  grades  or  strengths,  as  follows : 

1.  Iron 

2.  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

3.  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

4.  Plow  Steel 

5.  Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel  and  Tico  Special 


American  Wire  Rope 


121 


Iron  Transmission,  Haulage  or  Standing  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1'JIO 
6  Strands— 7  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$0.51 

!£ 

4X 

3.55 

32 

6.4 

16 

.43 

IK 

4X 

3 

28 

5.6 

15 

.36 

IX 

4 

2.45 

23 

4.6 

13 

.30 

IK 

3/^ 

2 

19 

3.8 

12 

.24 

i 

3 

1.58 

15 

3 

10.5 

.18# 

K 

2X 

1.20 

12 

2.4 

9 

'.14 

-^X 

.89 

8.8 

1.7 

7.5 

.12 
.10 

I 

2  8 

.75 

.62 

7.3 

6 

1.5 
1.2 

7.25 

7 

.08X 

IX 

.50 

4.8 

.96 

6 

.06^ 

K 

1# 

.39 

3.7 

.74 

5.5 

.05^ 

yV 

IX 

.30 

2.6 

.52 

4.5 

.04^ 

H 

1/8 

.22 

2.2 

.44 

4 

.03^ 

T6* 

1 

.15 

1.7 

.34 

3.5 

A 

# 

.12^ 

1.2 

.24 

3 

All  ropes  not  herein  listed  and  composed  of  more  than  7  and  less  than  19  wires  to 
the  strand,  with  the  exception  of  6  x  8,  take  19  wire  list.  Siemens- Martin  steel  rope,  having 
25  per  cent  greater  strength  than  iron  rope,  at  same  prices  as  iron  rope.  Add  10  per  cent 
to  prices  for  wire  center  or  galvanized  rope. 

Iron  haulage  rope  is  not  extensively  used  at  present,  except  in  some 
of  the  smaller  sizes.  It  is  composed  of  very  soft  wires,  which  do  not 
possess  high  tensile  strength.  Some  of  the  sizes  given  above  are  never  used, 
but  figures  are  given  for  comparison  with  the  stronger  grades. 


122 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Crucible  Cast  Steel  Transmission,  Haulage  or 
Standing  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands-  7   Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$0.60 

IX 

4X 

3.55 

63 

12.6 

11 

.51 

Itt 

4X 

3 

53 

10.6 

10 

.43 

IX 

4 

2.45 

46 

9.2 

9 

.36 

in 

3^ 

2 

37 

7.4 

8 

.29 

3 

1.58 

31 

6.2 

7 

.22^ 

H 

2^ 

1.20 

24 

4.8 

6 

.17 

If 

2X 

.89 

18.6 

3.7 

5 

.uy2 

2>^ 

.75 

15.4 

3.1 

4X 

.12 

&£ 

2 

.62 

13 

2.6 

4^ 

.10 

T9* 

1# 

.50 

10 

2 

.08 

1A 

1# 

.39 

7.7 

1.5 

3^ 

.06^ 

7 
T7? 

1^ 

.30 

5.5 

1.1 

3 

.05^ 

H 

w 

.22 

4.6 

.92 

2# 

.04^ 

A 

1 

.15 

3.5 

.70 

2X 

.04 

A 

# 

.12# 

2.5 

.50 

IX 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  more  than  7  and  less  than  19  wires  to 
the  strand,  with  the  exception  of  6  x  8,  take  19  wire  list.  Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for 
wire  center  or  galvanized  rope. 

This  rope  covers  a  wide  range  of  utility,  being  particularly  adaptable  for 
use  in  mine  haulage  work,  which  includes  tail  rope  and  endless  haulage  sys- 
tems, gravity  hoists,  as  well  as  coal  and  ore  dock  haulage  roads  operating 
small  grip  cars.  In  sizes,  ^,  T7-g,  }4,  T\,  ^,  it  rinds  use  as  sand  lines 
for  oil  wells,  and  in  the  larger  sizes,  fyfa,  %,  fa,  1,  is  sometimes  used  for  oil 
well  drilling.  In  general,  rope  from  this  list  can  be  used  where  abrasion  is 
severe  and  flexibility  required  a  minimum  quantity. 


American  Wire  Rope 


123 


Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Transmission, 
Haulage  or  Standing  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 7  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work-          Diameter 
ing  Load  in          of  Drum  or 
Tons  of  2000          Sheave  in 
Pounds            Feet  Advised 

$0.75 

1# 

4X 

3.55 

73 

14.6               11 

.64 

1H 

4X 

3 

63 

12.6 

10 

.53 

IX 

2.45 

54 

10.8 

9 

.44 

i# 

3^ 

2 

43 

8.6 

8 

.35 

3 

1.58 

35 

7 

7 

.27 

H 

2X 

1.20 

28 

5.6 

6 

.20 

X 

2X 

.89 

21 

4.2 

5 

.17 

H 

2^ 

.75 

16.7 

3.3 

4X 

.14X 

H 

2 

.62 

14.5 

2.9 

4^ 

.12 

& 

« 

.50 

11 

2.2 

4 

.09^ 

% 

IX 

.39 

8.85 

1.8 

3^ 

.07^ 

T7* 

IX 

.30 

6.25 

1.25 

3 

.06 

^8 

1H 

.22 

5.25               1.05               2% 

.05^ 

T5* 

.15 

3.95 

.79 

2X 

.05 

A 

H 

.13# 

2.95 

.59 

IX 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  more  than  7  and  less  than  19  wires  to 
the  strand,  with  the  exception  of  6  x  8,  take  19  wire  list.  Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for 
wire  center  or  galvanized  rope. 

This  being  the  next  stronger  rope  of  this  construction,  its  use  is  prac- 
tically the  same  as  that  of  the  crucible  steel,  except  that  in  many  cases  a 
smaller  rope  can  be  used  and  the  same  strength  obtained.  This  rope  also 
covers  a  wide  range  of  utility,  being  particularly  adaptable  for  use  in  mine 
haulage  work,  which  includes  tail  rope  and  endless  haulage  systems,  gravity 
hoists,  as  well  as  coal  and  ore  dock  haulage  roads  operating  small  grip  cars. 
In  sizes  -3/6,  T7^,  *^,  T9^,  y%,  it  finds  use  as  sand  lines  for  oil  wells,  and  in  the 
larger  sizes,  f£,  ^,  ?/8,  1,  is  sometimes  used  for  oil  well  drilling.  In  general, 
rope  from  this  list  can  be  used  where  abrasion  is  severe  and  flexibility  required 
a  minimum  quantity. 


r_>4 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Plow  Steel  Transmission,  Haulage  or  Standing  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 7  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  20UO 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$0.90 

1# 

4X 

3.55 

82 

16.4 

11 

.76 

IX 

4X 

3 

72 

14.4 

10 

.62 

IX 

4 

2.45 

60 

12 

9 

.51 

1# 

3X 

2 

47 

9.4 

8 

.41 

1 

3 

1.58 

38 

7.6 

7 

.32 

# 

2X 

1.20 

31 

6.2 

6 

.24^ 

X 

2X 

.89 

23 

4.6 

5 

.21 

2^ 

.75 

18 

3.6 

4X 

.17# 

^8 

2 

.62 

16 

3.2 

4^ 

.14^ 

I9T 

IX 

.50 

12 

2.4 

4 

.11/2 

K 

Itf 

.39 

10 

2 

3^ 

.09 

TV 

IX 

.30 

7 

1.4 

3 

.0614: 

^8 

1# 

.22 

5.9 

1.2 

2X 

.06 

A 

.15 

4.4 

.88 

2X 

.05^ 

A 

H 

.12^ 

3.4 

.68 

IX 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  more  than  7  and  less  than  19  wires  to 
the  strand,  with  the  exception  of  6x8,  take  19  wire  list.  Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for 
wire  center  or  galvanized  rope. 

This  is  a  very  strong  rope,  and  its  wires  are  harder  and  capable  of  with- 
standing more  external  wear  than  the  softer  crucible  steel.  Its  general  scope 
of  application  is  for  mine  haulage,  including  endless,  tail  rope  systems  and 
gravity  hoists,  as  well  as  ore  and  coal  dock  haulage  roads  operating  small  grip 
cars.  Where  it  is  necessary  to  secure  increased  strength  and  the  physical 
requirements  render  it  impossible  to  alter  the  working  conditions,  a  plow  steel 
rope  may  be  used  to  distinct  advantage  without  increasing  the  diameter  of 
the  rope. 


American  Wire  Rope 


125 


Monitor  Plow  Steel  Transmission,  Haulage  or 
Standing  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands  -7  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$1.05 

1# 

4X 

3.55 

90 

18 

11 

.88 

1# 

4X 

3 

79 

46 

10 

.72 

IX 

4 

2.45 

67 

13 

9 

.58 

1# 

3K 

2 

52 

10 

8 

.48 

1 

3 

1.58 

42 

8.4 

7 

.37 

H 

2# 

1.20 

33 

6.6 

6 

.28^ 

X 

2X 

.89 

25 

5 

5 

.24^ 
.20^ 

if 

S* 

.75 
.62 

20 
17# 

4 
3.5 

4X 
4X 

.17 

A 

W 

.50 

13 

2.6 

4 

.13^ 

% 

W 

.39 

11 

2.2 

3/2 

.11/2 

TV 

IX 

.30 

1% 

1.5 

3 

•  08X 

H 

IX 

.22 

Q/2 

1.3 

2X 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  more  than  7  and  less  than  19  wires  to 
the  strand,  with  the  exception  of  6  x  8,  take  19  wire  list.  Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for 
wire  center  or  galvanized  rope. 

This  is  the  strongest  rope  of  this  construction,  and  although  somewhat 
stiffer  than  the  preceding  qualities,  may  be  used  to  advantage  where  conditions 
are  suitable.  For  its  strength  it  is  the  toughest  rope  that  can  be  made,  and 
in  general  a  smaller  diameter  rope  of  this  type  should  be  used  than  any  of  the 
preceding  qualities.  When  this  is  done  it  will  give  a  good  account  of  itself. 
Its  uses  are  similar  to  those  described  under  plow  steel,  extra  strong  and 
crucible  steel.  Sheaves  for  this  rope  should  be  somewhat  larger  than  for  the 
preceding  qualities  if  possible,  in  order  to  get  the  very  best  results.  Tico 
special  rope,  sold  from  same  list. 


126  American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 

Standard  Hoisting  Rope 

6    Strands— 19    Wires    to   the    Strand— 1    Hemp    Core 


This  term  is  applied  to  hoisting  rope  composed  of  6  strands  of  19 
wires  each,  laid  around  a  hemp  core.  It  has  a  wide  and  varied  list  of  applica- 
tions, some  of  the  principal  ones  of  which  are  detailed  under  their  respective 
lists.  It  is  composed  of  smaller  wires  than  the  6x7  construction  and  is  more 
readily  passed  around  sheaves  and  drums  of  moderate  size.  Its  wires  being 
smaller,  it  will  not  stand  as  much  abrasion  as  the  coarser  transmission  rope. 

This  rope  is  made  in  six  grades  or  strengths  as  follows : 

1 .  Iron 

2.  Mild  Steel 

3.  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

4.  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

5.  Plow  Steel 

(>.     Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel  and  Tico  Special 


American  Wire  Rope 


127 


Standard  Iron  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter  in 
Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$1.70 

2X 

8# 

11.95 

111 

22.2 

17 

1.40 

2^ 

7^8 

9.85 

92 

18.4 

15 

1.17 

2X 

^ 

8 

72 

14.4 

14 

.95 

2 

6X 

6.30 

55 

11 

12 

.88 

1# 

5# 

5.55 

50 

10 

12 

.80 

1# 

5^ 

4.85 

44 

8.8 

11 

.65 

1# 

5 

4.15 

38 

7.6 

10 

.57 

1^ 

4X 

3.55 

33 

6.6 

9 

.49 

1# 

4X 

3 

28 

5.6 

8.5 

.40 

•   ix 

4 

2.45 

22.8 

4.56 

7.5 

.33 

1# 

3^ 

2 

18.6 

3.72 

7 

.26 

1 

3 

1.58 

14.5 

2.90 

6 

.20 

# 

2X 

1.20 

11.8 

2.36 

5.5 

.16 

X 

2X 

.89 

8.5 

1.70 

4.5 

.12 

X 

2 

.62 

6 

1.20 

4 

.10 

A 

IX 

.50 

4.7 

.94 

3.5 

.08^ 

y* 

IK 

.39 

3.9 

.78 

3 

.07^ 

TV 

IX 

.30 

2.9 

.58 

2.75 

.07 

rs 

1# 

.22 

2.4 

.48 

2.25 

•  06X 

T56 

.15 

1.5 

.30 

2 

.06^ 

X 

X 

.10 

1.1 

.22 

1.50 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  10  and  less 
than  37  wires,  take  37  wire  list.  Siemens- Martin  Steel  Rope,  having  25  per  cent  greater 
strength  than  iron  rope,  at  same  price  as  iron  rope.  Add  10  per  cent  to  list  price  for  wire 
center  or  galvanized  rope. 

The  wires  in  our  iron  rope  are  made  from  the  best  quality  iron,  being 
soft,  tough  and  pliable.  Iron  Hoisting  Rope  is  most  generally  used  for  eleva- 
tor hoisting  where  the  strength  is  sufficient.  It  is  almost  universally  em- 
ployed for  counterweight  ropes,  except  on  traction  elevators  (see  page  91). 
For  traction  elevators  we  recommend  the  Mild  Steel  Hoisting  Rope  described 
on  the  following  page. 

Iron  Hoisting  Rope  is  sometimes  used  for  the  transmission  of  power 
where  the  pulleys  are  comparatively  small. 


128 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Mild  Steel  Elevator  Hoisting  Rope 

6  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter  in 
Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum 
or  Sheave 
in  Feet 

$0.66 

i# 

« 

3.55 

54 

10.80 

7 

.56 

i* 

4X 

3 

45 

9.00 

6.25 

.46 

1  */ 

4 

2.45 

38 

7.60 

5.75 

.38 

IX 

3^ 

2 

30.5 

6.10 

5.25 

.31 

1 

3 

1.58 

24 

4.80 

4.50 

.24 

H 

2^ 

1.20 

18.5 

3.70 

4 

.19 

X 

2X 

.89 

13.5 

2.70 

3.5 

.14 

H 

2 

.62 

9.5 

1.90 

3 

.12 

& 

IX 

.50 

7.7 

1.54 

2.70 

.11 

*/2 

IX 

.39 

6 

1.20 

2.30 

.10 

TV 

IX 

.30 

4.6 

.92 

2 

.09^ 

9* 

IX 

.22 

3.4 

.68 

1.75 

Made  especially  for  traction  elevators  in  tall  buildings  (see  page  91)  where,  on 
account  of  usual  quick  starting  and  stopping,  a  stronger  and  lighter  rope  is  required  than 
the  Iron  quality.  This  Mild  Steel  Elevator  Hoisting  Rope  is  not  recommended  for 
all  styles  of  elevators.  For  elevators  employing  separate  counterweight  ropes,  the  Iron 
Hoisting  Rope  is  recommended. 


American  Wire  Rope 


Standard  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter  in 
Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$2.10 

W 

8^ 

11.95 

211 

42.2 

11 

1.75 

2/2 

7^ 

9.85 

170 

34 

10 

1.44 

2X 

11A 

8 

133 

26.6 

9 

1.16 

2 

6X 

6.30 

106 

21.2 

8 

1.02 

1H 

5^ 

5.55 

96 

19 

8 

.90 

1% 

5X 

4.85 

85 

17 

7 

.77 

1% 

5 

4.15 

72 

14.4 

6.5 

.66 

IX 

4X 

3.55 

64 

12.8 

6 

.56 

IH 

4X 

3 

56 

11.2 

5.5 

.46 

ix 

4 

2.45 

47 

9.4 

5 

.38 

IX 

z/2 

2 

38 

7.6 

4.5 

.31 

A 

3 

1.58 

30 

6 

4 

.24 

H 

*u 

1.20 

23 

4.6 

3.5 

.19 

X 

V 

.89 

17.5 

3.5 

3 

.14 

SA 

2 

.62 

12.5 

2.5 

2.5 

.12 

& 

IX 

.50 

10 

2 

2.25 

.11 

% 

IX 

.39 

8.4 

1.68 

2 

.10 

7 

T<? 

IX 

.30 

6.5 

1.30 

1.75 

.09^ 

tt 

IX 

.22 

4.8 

.96 

1.50 

.09^ 

A 

1 

.15 

3.1 

.62 

1.25 

.09 

X 

X 

.10 

2.2 

.44 

1 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  19  and  less 
than  37  wires  take  37  wire  list.  Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for  wire  center  or  galvanized 
rope. 

This  rope  is  a  leading  seller,  being  applicable  to  a  great  variety  of  uses, 
among  which  might  be  noted  mine  hoisting,  logging,  elevators,  derricks,  hay 
presses,  dredges,  cable-ways,  inclined  planes,  coal  hoists,  conveyors,  ballast 
unloaders,  skip  hoist  and  many  other  kindred  applications.  The  material  used 
in  making  this  rope  is  the  best  quality  crucible  cast  steel,  which  is  about 
double  the  strength  of  iron  in  the  same  diameter. 


130 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Standard  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 
Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  SiOJO 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$2.55 

2X 

8/8 

11.95 

243 

48.6 

11 

2.10 

2^ 

7^5 

9.85 

200 

40 

10 

1.70 

7'/8 

8 

160 

32 

9 

1.34 

2  4 

6X 

6.3 

123 

24.6 

8 

1.25 

1# 

5X 

5.55 

112 

22.4 

8 

1.10 

IX 

5X 

4.85 

99 

19.8 

7 

.94 

1^6 

5 

4.15 

83 

16.6 

6.5 

.80 

l/^ 

4X 

3.55 

73 

14.6 

6 

.68 

1^8 

4X 

3 

64 

12.8 

5.5 

.56 

IX 

4 

2.45 

53 

10.6 

5 

.46 

1^ 

3^ 

2 

43 

8.6 

4.5 

.37 

1 

3 

1.58 

34 

6.80 

4 

.29 

H 

2X 

1.20 

26 

5.20 

3.5 

.22 

2X 

.89 

20.2 

4.04 

3 

•  16>£ 

H 

2 

.62 

14 

2.80 

2.5 

.14 

T7T 

IX 

.50 

11.2 

2.24 

2.25 

X 

\yz 

.39 

9.2 

1.84 

2 

.11  V^ 

A 

IX 

.30 

7.25 

1.45 

1.75 

.11 

.22 

5.30 

1.06 

1.50 

.iox 

5 

l 

.15 

3.50 

.70 

1.25 

.io# 

X 

X 

.10 

2.43 

.49 

1 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  19  and 
less  than  37  wires  take  37  wire  list.  Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for  wire  center  or 
galvanized  rope. 

This  rope  is  made  from  selected  cast  steel  wires  of  higher  tensile  strength 
than  the  crucible  steel,  and,  possessing  greater  strength,  ropes  from  this  list 
may  be  used  with  somewhat  heavier  loads  than  crucible  steel.  It  has  been 
found  particularly  useful  for  oil  well  drilling  and  tubing  lines.  Its  other  general 
uses  are  similar  to  those  of  the  crucible  steel,  except  that  it  may  be  used  where 
loads  are  somewhat  heavier. 


American  Wire  Rope 


131 


Standard  Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$3.00 

2# 

8# 

11.95 

275 

55 

11 

2.50 

2^ 

7^ 

9.85 

229 

46 

10 

2.00 

2X 

7M 

8 

186 

37 

9 

1.58 

2 

6X 

6.3 

140 

28 

8 

1.46 

1# 

5% 

5.55 

127 

25 

8 

1.30 

1# 

5>/2 

4.85 

112 

22 

7 

1.08 

IH 

5 

4.15 

94 

19 

6.5 

.93 

1# 

4X 

3.55 

82 

16 

6 

.79 

Itt 

4X 

3 

72 

14 

5.5 

.65 

IX 

4 

2.45 

58 

12 

5 

.54 

11A 

3^ 

2 

47 

9.4 

4.5 

.43 

i 

3 

1.58 

38 

7.6 

4 

.34 

# 

2X 

1.20 

29 

5.8 

3.5 

.26 

X 

2X 

.89 

23 

4.6 

3 

.19 

H 

2 

.62 

15.5 

3.1 

2.5 

.16 

& 

IX 

.50 

12.3 

2.4 

2.25 

.14 

% 

IK 

.39 

10 

2 

2 

.13 

A 

IX 

.30 

8 

1.6 

1.75 

.12% 

/8 

1# 

.22 

5.75 

1.15 

1.50 

.12X 

T5« 

.15 

3.8 

.76 

1.25 

.12 

X 

X 

.10 

2.65 

.53 

1 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  19  and 
less  than  37  wires  take  37  wire  list.  Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for  wire  center  or 
galvanized  rope. 

This  is  a  very  strong  type  of  hoisting  rope,  used  particularly  for  heavy 
mine  hoisting,  derricks,  inclined  planes,  dredges,  cableways  for  heavy  logging 
and  similar  uses.  In  the  case  of  deep  mine  shafts  and  long  inclines  it  is 
especially  efficient,  because  it  possesses  great  strength  for  its  weight.  Conse- 
quently, it  is  the  most  economical  rope  to  use  where  the  weight  of  the  rope  has 
to  be  considered,  or  where  the  capacity  of  the  machinery  is  to  be  increased 
without  a  corresponding  increase  in  sheaves  and  drums. 


132 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Monitor  Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$3.45 

2X 

S5/i 

11.95 

315 

63 

11 

2.80 

T/8 

9.85 

263 

53 

10 

2.50 

2X 

8 

210 

42 

9 

1.85 

2 

6X 

6.30 

166 

33 

8 

1.75 

1H 

5X 

5.55 

150 

30 

8 

1.60 

IX 

5X 

4.85 

133 

27 

7 

1.30 

5 

4.15 

110 

22 

6/4 

1.10 

IX 

4X 

3.55 

98 

20 

6 

.90 

l^i 

4X 

3 

84 

17 

5/4 

.75 

IX 

4 

2.45 

69 

14 

5 

.62 

iy& 

3X 

2 

56 

11 

4X 

.50 

1 

3 

1.58 

45 

9 

4 

.39 

% 

2X 

1.20 

35 

7 

3/^ 

.31 

X 

2X 

.89 

26.3 

5.3 

3 

.22^ 

X 

2 

.62 

19 

3.8 

%y2 

.19 

9 

IX 

.50 

14.5 

2.9 

2X 

.17 

X 

IX 

.39 

12.1 

2.4 

2 

.15^ 

7 

IX 

.30 

9.4 

1.9 

IX 

14/^ 

II 

.22 

6.75 

1.35 

13X 

1 

.15 

4.50 

.9 

IX 

!l3 

5 

X 

.10 

3.15 

.63 

1 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  19  and 
less  than  37  wires  take  37  wire  list.  Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for  wire  center  or 
galvanized  rope. 

This  grade  of  hoisting  rope  has  been  developed  to  provide  a  rope  of  very 
great  strength,  and  in  this  respect  has  no  equal.  It  is  particularly  useful  on 
derricks,  skidders,  dredges  and  stump  pullers.  Being  very  strong,  a  smaller 
rope  may  be  used  than  any  of  the  preceding  qualities  of  this  construction. 
It  is  somewhat  stiffer  in  the  same  diameter  than  the  plow  and  crucible  steel 
grades,  but  strength  for  strength,  it  is  equally  flexible.  Sheaves  should  be 
somewhat  larger  for  this  quality  of  rope,  if  possible,  to  obtain  the  very  best 
results.  Tico  special  rope  sold  from  same  list. 


American  Wire  Rope 


133 


Extra  Flexible  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

8  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand—I  Hemp  Core 


This  rope  is  composed  of  8  strands  of  19  wires  each  laid  around  a  hemp 
core.  It  will  be  noted  that  there  are  two  more  strands  in  this  type  than  in 
that  of  the  Standard  Hoisting  Rope.  The  addition  of  these  two  strands 
increases  the  flexibility  and  permits  of  the  rope  beirig  used  over  comparatively 
small  sheaves  and  drums  such  as  are  frequently  found  on  derricks.  It  is  not 
good  practice  to  use  it  where  there  is  much  overwinding,  because  it  would 
flatten  or  lose  shape  more  quickly  than  6  x  19  rope. 

Galvanized  Extra  Flexible  Crucible  Cast  Steel  hoisting  rope  is  much 
more  pliable  than  the  six-strand  hoisting  rope,  and  is  preferred  by  the  leading 
yachtsmen  to  the  galvanized  crucible  cast  steel  running  rope  shown  on 
page  177. 

For  list  prices  add  10  per  cent  to  the  list  for  the  bright  rope. 
This  rope  is  made  regularly  in  four  grades  or  strengths  as  follows  : 

1.  Crucible  Cast  Steel. 

2.  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel. 
3. '    Plow  Steel 

4]     Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel,  and  Tico  special. 


NOTE— The  words  "  Extra  Flexible  "  mean  8  strands,  19  wires  each,  one  hemp  core. 
The  term  "  Special  Flexible  "  means  6  strands,  37  wires  each,  one  hemp  core.  For  rope  of 
the  latter  construction,  see  page  138. 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Extra  Flexible  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
8  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight 
per   Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2000  Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load  in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

$0.73 

1^ 

4^ 

3.19 

58 

11.6 

3.75 

.62 

1/8 

4X 

2.70 

51 

10.2 

3.5 

.51 

IX 

4 

2.20 

42 

8.4 

3.2 

.42 

1# 

3X 

1.80 

34 

6.8 

2.83 

.34 

1 

3 

1.42 

26 

5.2 

2.5 

.27 

H 

2¥ 

1.08 

20 

4 

2.16 

.21 

% 

2X 

.80 

15.3 

3.06 

1.83 

.16 

ft 

2 

.56 

10.9 

2.18 

1.75 

.14 

A 

1# 

.45 

8.7 

1.74 

1.5 

.12 

1A 

IX 

.35 

7.3 

1.46 

1.33 

.11 

IX 

.27 

5.7 

1.14 

1.16 

.10^ 

a| 

1$ 

.20  - 

4.2 

.84 

1 

.10X 

T56 

1 

.13 

2.75 

.55 

.83 

.10 

X 

¥ 

.09 

1.80 

.36 

.75 

Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for  galvanized  rope. 

This  rope  is  particularly  adaptable  for  use  over  fairly  small  size  sheaves 
on  derricks,  steam  dredges,  coal  and  ore  handling  machinery,  pile  drivers,  and 
also  for  logging  purposes,  as  well  as  tubing  lines  for  oil  wells.  It  is  not  quite 
as  strong  in  the  same  diameter  as  the  regular  hoisting  rope,  6x19,  due  to  its 
larger  hemp  center,  but  it  is  more  flexible.  This  rope  when  galvanized  is 
known  as  galvanized  extra  flexible  crucible  cast  steel  hoisting  rope  and  is  much 
used  by  yachtsmen. 


American  Wire  Rope 


135 


Extra  Flexible  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 
Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
8  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2000  Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load  in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

$0.88 

IK 

4X 

3.19 

66 

13 

3.75 

.75 

1# 

4X 

2.70 

57 

11 

3.5 

.62 

IX 

4 

2.20 

47 

9.4 

3.2 

.51 

1» 

3^ 

1.80 

38 

7.6 

2.83 

.41 

1 

3 

1.42 

29.7 

5.9 

2.5 

.32 

# 

2^ 

1.08 

23 

4.6 

2.16 

.25 

X 

2X 

.80 

17.6 

3.5 

1.83 

.18# 

% 

2 

.56 

12.4 

2.5 

1.75 

.16 

& 

IX 

.45 

10.1 

2 

1.5 

.14 

/2 

IK 

.35 

8. 

1.6 

1.33 

.13 

IX 

.27 

6.30 

1.26 

1.16 

.12# 

H 

1# 

.20 

4.66 

.93 

1 

.12 
.H# 

3 

X 

.13 
.09 

3.05 
2.02 

.61 

.40 

.83 
.75 

Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for  galvanized  rope. 

This  rope  is  made  from  selected  cast  steel  wires  of  higher  tensile  strength 
than  the  crucible  steel,  and,  possessing  greater  strength,  ropes  from  this  list 
may  be  used  for  somewhat  heavier  loads  than  crucible  steel.  Its  general 
uses  are  similar  to  those  of  the  crucible  steel  described  on  the  preceding  page. 


136 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


Extra  Flexible  Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
8  Strands-19  Wires  to  the  Strand- 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2000  Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Loads  in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

$1.03 

IK 

4V 

3.19 

74 

14.8 

3.75 

.87 

\y% 

4X 

2.70 

64 

12.8 

3.5 

.72 

IX 

4 

2.20 

52 

10.4 

3.2 

.60 

3K 

1.80 

43 

8.6 

2.83 

.48 

1 

3 

T.42 

33 

6.6 

2.5 

.38 

H 

2X 

1.08 

26 

5.2 

2.16 

.29 

2X 

.80 

20 

4 

1.83 

.21 

jM& 

2 

.56 

14 

2.8 

1.75 

.18 

T9* 

IX 

.45 

11.6 

2.32 

1.50 

.16 

K 

IK 

.35 

8.7 

1.74 

1.33 

.15 

T^ 

IX 

.27 

6.90 

1.38 

1.16 

.14 

Y% 

.20 

5.12 

1.02 

1 

13/^ 

6 

1 

.13 

3.35 

.67 

.83 

'.13X 

X 

X 

.09 

2.25 

.45 

.75 

Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for  galvanized  rope. 

This  is  a  very  strong  as  well  as  a  very  flexible  rope,  principally  used 
on  derricks,  dredges,  coal  and  ore  handling  machinery,  pile  drivers  and 
logging,  where  small  sheaves  necessitate  a  flexible  rope  and  where  greater 
strength  than  shown  for  preceding  grades  is  required.  This  rope  is  also 
made  galvanized  and  is  then  known  as  galvanized  extra  flexible  plow  steel 
hoisting  rope,  largely  used  on  ships  and  yachts. 


American    Wire    Rope 


137 


Extra  Flexible  Monitor  Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
8  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2000  Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load  in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

$1.19 

1# 

4# 

3.19 

80 

16 

3.75 

.98 

1ft 

4X 

2.70 

68 

13 

3.5 

.82 

W 

4 

2.20 

56 

11 

3.2 

.68 

w 

3^ 

1.80 

46 

9.2 

2.83 

.55 

1 

3 

1.42 

36 

7.2 

2.5 

.43 

n 

2# 

1.08 

28 

5.6 

2.15 

.34 

X 

2X 

.80 

22 

4.4 

1.83 

.25 

# 

2 

.56 

15 

3 

1.75 

.22 
.19 

* 

1# 

IX 

.45 
.35 

12 
9.5 

2.4 
1.9 

1.5 
1.33 

Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for  galvanized  rope. 

This  is  a  very  efficient  rope  for  its  strength  where  loads  are  heavy, 
it  being  the  strongest  rope  that  can  be  made  in  this  type  of  construction. 
It  is  preferable  to  employ  sheaves  somewhat  larger  with  this  quality  so  as  to 
insure  greater  durability.  Tico  special  rope  sold  from  same  list. 


138 


American  Steel  and  Wire   Company 


Special  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope 


6  Strands— 37  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


This  rope  is  composed  of  6  strands  of  37  wires  each,  laid  around  a  hemp 
core.  It  is  a  very  flexible  rope  and  much  used  on  cranes  and  similar  machinery 
where  sheaves  are  of  necessity  rather  small.  Its  wires  are  smaller  than  in  the 
6-strand  19-wire  rope  and  consequently  will  not  stand  as  much  abrasive  wear. 
It  is  a  very  efficient  rope  because  a  little  over  50  per  cent  of  the  wires — and 
consequently  over  50  per  cent  of  the  strength — are  in  the  inner  layers  of  the 
strand,  protected  from  abrasion.  This  explains  its  particular  advantage  in 
addition  to  its  flexibility.  Hoisting  ropes  larger  than  1  %  inches  are  usually 
made  of  6  strands  of  37  wires  each,  rather  than  of  6  strands  of  19  wires. 

Special  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope  is  made  in  five  grades : 

1.  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

2.  Extra  Strong  Crticible  Cast  Steel 

3.  Special  Flexible  Crane  Rope  (price  same  as  Plow  Steel) 

4.  Plow  Steel 

5.  Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel,  and  Tico  special 


Special  Flexible  Crane  Ropes     These  are  composed  of  6  strands  of  37  wires 

to  the  strand,  with  a  hemp  center ;   are  sold 

from  the  plow  steel  list  and   are  especially  designed  for  service  on  electric 
cranes. 


NOTE — The  term  "  Special  Flexible  "  means  6  strands,  37  wires  each,  one  hemp  core. 
The  words  "  Extra  Flexible  "  mean  8  strands,  19  wires  each,  one  hemp  core.  For  rope  of 
the  latter  construction,  see  page  133. 


American  Wire  Rope 


139 


Special  Flexible  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 37  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 

ProperWork- 
ing  Load 
in  Tons  of  2000 

Diameter 
of  Drum  or 
Sheave  in 

in  Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Feet  Advised 

$2.30 

2X 

8^ 

11.95 

200 

40 

1.92 

2^> 

7^$ 

9.85 

160 

32 

1.60 

2X 

7/^ 

8 

125 

25 

1.35 

2 

6X 

6.30 

105 

21 

1.20 

IX 

5X 

5.55 

94 

18.8 

1.05 

IX 

5^ 

4.85 

84 

17 

.89 

l^J 

5  2 

4.15 

71 

14 

.79 

\y2 

4X 

3.55 

63 

12 

3.75 

.65 

IX 

4X 

3 

55 

11 

3.5 

.55 

IX 

4 

2.45 

45 

9 

3.2 

.46 

IX 

3^ 

2 

34 

7 

2.83 

.37 

1 

3 

1.58 

29 

6 

2.5 

.28 

* 

2M 

1.20 

23 

5 

2.16 

.23 

2X 

.89 

17.5 

3.5 

1.83 

.18 

# 

2 

.62 

11.2 

2.2 

1.75 

.15 

» 

IX 

.50 

9.5 

1.9 

1.5 

.13 

l£ 

!/•£ 

.39 

7.25 

1.45 

1.33 

!i2  2 

* 

IX, 

.30 
.22 

5.5 
4.2 

1.1 

.84 

1.16 
1 

Ropes  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  37  wires,  add  10  per  cent  to  list 
price  of  6x37.  Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  general  hoisting  work  where 
loads  are  moderate  and  where  sheaves  are  small.  It  is  a  stronger  construction 
than  the  extra  flexible,  but  somewhat  more  expensive,  and  its  wires  will  not 
stand  as  much  abrasion  as  the  6  x  19  construction. 


140 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Special  Flexible  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 
Hoisting   Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 37  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or 
Sheave  in 

in  Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Feet  Advised 

$2.80 

2X 

8# 

11.95 

233 

47 

2.35 

2  l/t 

7% 

9.85 

187 

37 

1.90 

2X 

71^ 

8 

150 

30 

1.55 

2 

6X 

6.30 

117 

23 

1.41^ 

1H 

5.55 

106 

21.2 

1.28 

IX 

5^ 

4.85 

95 

19 

1.07 

1^6 

5 

4.15 

79 

16 

.95 

\y2 

4X 

3.55 

71 

14 

3.75 

.78 

\y% 

4X 

3 

61 

12 

3.5 

.65 

IX 

4 

2.45 

50 

10 

3.20 

.55 

iys 

3K 

2 

39 

8 

2.83 

.44 

1 

3 

1.58 

32 

6.4 

2.5 

.34 

# 

2X 

1.20 

25 

5 

2.16 

.27 

X 

2X 

.89 

19 

3.8 

1.83 

.21 

2 

.62 

12.6 

2.5 

1.75 

17# 

» 

IX 

.50 

10.5 

2.1 

1.5 

!l5 

y^ 

.39 

8.25 

1.65 

1.33 

.14 

yV 

1^ 

.30 

6.35 

1.27 

1.16 

.13 

Ks 

.22 

4.65 

.93 

1 

Ropes  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  37  wires,  add  10  per  cent  to  list 
price  of  6  x  37.  Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center. 

This  is  the  next  stronger  grade  of  this  construction  and  can  be  used  for 
heavier  loads  than  the  crucible  steel,  being  considerably  stronger  in  the  same 
diameter.  Its  general  uses  are  similar  to  the  crucible  steel. 


American  Wire  Rope 


141 


Special  Flexible  Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 37  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  *000 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or 
Sheave  in 

in  Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Feet  Advised 

$3.30 

2X 

8^ 

11.95 

265 

53 

2.75 

2/^ 

7^6 

9.85 

214 

43 

2.20 

2X 

7  H? 

8 

175 

35 

1.80 

2 

6X 

6.30 

130 

26 

1.65 

in 

5.55 

119 

23.8 

1.50 

IX 

5^ 

4.85 

108 

22 

1.25 

i>6 

5 

4.15 

90 

18 

1.10 

i/^ 

4X 

3.55 

80 

16 

3.75 

.91 

\y% 

4X 

3 

68 

14 

3.5 

.75 

IX 

4 

2.45 

55 

11 

3.2 

.64 

1^ 

3^ 

2 

44 

9 

2.83 

.51 

i 

3 

1.58 

35 

7 

2.5 

.40 

n 

^x 

1.20 

27 

5 

2.16 

.31 

X 

^x 

.89 

21 

4 

1.83 

.24 

# 

2 

.62 

14 

3 

1.75 

.20 

_9 

IX 

.50 

11.5 

2.3 

1.5 

.17 

\/ 

IM 

.39 

9.25 

1.85 

1.33 

.16 

T7ff 

IX 

.30 

7.2 

1.4 

1.16 

.15 

Ks 

.22 

5.1 

1 

1 

Ropes  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  37  wires,  add  10  per  cent  to  list 
price  of  6  x  37.  Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  are  largely  used  on  electric  traveling  cranes, 
dredges  and  similar  machinery,  where  loads  are  heavy  and  sheaves  are  of 
necessity  small.  These  ropes  are  very  efficient  and  give  excellent  service 
where  conditions  favor  their  use. 


142 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Special  Flexible  Monitor  Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 37  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Feet  Advised 

$3.75 

2X 

8# 

11.95 

278 

55 

3.15 

2^ 

7^ 

9.85 

225 

45 

2.50 

2X 

7  /^ 

8 

184 

37 

2.10 

2 

6X 

6.30 

137 

27 

1.92X 

1^ 

5.55 

125 

25 

1.75 

1% 

5K 

4.85 

113 

23 

1.45 

IX 

5 

4.15 

95 

19 

1.25 

4^ 

3.55 

84 

17 

3.75 

1.05 

IX 

4X 

3 

71 

14 

3.50 

.86 

IX 

4 

2.45 

58 

11 

3.20 

.75 

IX 

3^ 

2 

46 

9.2 

2.83 

.59 

1 

3 

1.58 

37 

7.4 

2.50 

.46 

X 

2% 

1.20 

29 

5.8 

2.16 

.36 

X 

2X 

.89 

23 

4.6 

1.83 

.27 

X 

2 

.62 

16 

3.2 

1.75 

.23 

T9T 

1^ 

.50 

12X 

2.5 

1.50 

.20 

yz 

1/4 

.39 

9.75 

1.9 

1.33 

•  18/4 

7_ 

IX 

.30 

7.50 

1.5 

1.15 

17I** 

H 

IX 

.22 

5.30 

1.06 

1 

Ropes  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  37  wires,  add  10  per  cent  to  list 
price  of  6x37.  Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center. 

This  is  the  strongest  rope  of  the  6  x  37  construction  made  and  suitable 
where  conditions  are  unusually  severe.  It  is  largely  used  on  dredges  both  for 
main  hoist  and  spud  ropes.  We  recommend  its  use  where  loads  have  to  be 
increased  without  corresponding  increase  in  diameter  of  rope.  Tico  special 
rope  sold  from  same  list. 


American  Wire  Rope 


L43 


Extra  Special  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope 

6  Strands— 61   Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


Crucible  Cast  Steel 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter  in 
Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

3X 

10  % 

16.60 

280 

56 

11 

3 

9/4 

14.20 

240 

48 

10 

$2.53 

2^ 

8>6 

11.95 

200 

40 

9 

2.112 

2^2 

77/8 

9.85 

160 

32 

8 

1.76 

2% 

8.00 

125 

25 

7 

1.485 

2 

6X 

6.30 

105 

21 

6 

Extra    Strong    Crucible    Cast    Steel 


. 

3X 

iox 

16.60 

315 

63 

11 

. 

3 

9^ 

14.20 

275 

00 

10 

$3.08 

2% 

85/s    • 

11.95 

233 

47 

9 

2.585 

2/2 

7# 

9.85 

187 

37 

8 

2.09 

2% 

7l/s 

8.00 

150 

30 

7 

1.705 

2 

W 

6.30 

117 

23 

6 

Plow    Steel 


3X 

K>X 

16.60 

350 

70 

11 

3 

9# 

14.20 

310 

62 

10 

$3.63 

2% 

8# 

11.95 

265 

53 

9 

3.025 

2</2 

7ft 

9.85 

214 

43 

8 

2.42 

2# 

7l/s 

8.00 

175 

35 

7 

1.98 

2 

6% 

6.30 

130 

26 

6 

Monitor    Plow    Steel 


3X 

iox 

16.60 

370 

74 

•  11 

3 

9# 

14.20 

325 

65 

10 

$4.125 

2% 

8# 

11.95 

278 

56 

9 

3.465 

2/2 

7^8 

9.85 

225 

45 

8 

2.75 

2X 

71A 

8.00 

184 

37 

7 

2.31 

2 

6X 

6.30 

137 

27 

6 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  are  particularly  recommended  for  dredging 
purposes,  and  are  usually  made  with  a  special  wire  center  for  that  purpose. 
The  Plow  Steel  and  Monitor  grades  are  most  frequently  used. 


144 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Flattened  Strand  Ropes,  Hoisting  and  Haulage 


Type  A — 5  Strands 

28  Wires— 1   Hemp  Core 


Type  B— 6  Strands 

25  Wires— 1  Hemp  Core 


Type  C — 5  Strands 

9  Wires— 1  Hemp  Core 


Type  D— 6  Strands 

8  Wires— 1  Hemp  Core 


Typ«5  E— 5  Strands 

11  Wires— 1  Hemp  Core 


American  Wire  Rope 


145 


Flattened  Strand  Haulage  Ropes 

Type  C-5  Strands— 9  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 
Type  D— 6  Strands-8  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 
Type  E—  5  Strands  — 11  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


Type  C 


Type     D 


Type  E 


These  ropes  are  primarily  designed  to  give  increased  wearing  surface  above 
that  to  be  obtained  from  a  round  strand  rope. 

There  are  three  types  of  this  class  of  rope  and  four  qualities,  namely : 

1.  Iron 

2.  Crucible  Cast  Steei 

3.  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

4.  Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel 

Their  several  uses  are  detailed  under  the  respective  lists. 
These  ropes  are  always  made  Lang's  lay. 


146 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Flattened  Strand  Iron  Haulage  or  Transmission  Rope 

Type  C— 5  Strands— 9  Wires  to  the   Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


Type  C 


Diameter  in 
Inches 

List  Price 
per  Foot 

Approximate 
Strength  in  Tons 
of  2000  Pounds 

Proper  Working 
Load  in  Tons 
of  2JOO  Pounds 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Diameter  of  Drum 
or  Sheave  in  Feet 
Advised 

IX 

$0.45 

23 

4.6 

2.55 

9^ 

1# 

.36^ 

19 

3.8 

2.05 

S/2 

1 

.29 

15 

3.0 

1.65 

7% 

H 

.22 

12 

2.4 

1.24 

6# 

X 

.17# 

8.8 

1.76 

.92 

6 

H 

.12# 

6 

1.2 

.64 

4^ 

y* 

.08^ 

3.7 

.74 

.40 

3^ 

This  rope  is  not  used  very  much  on  account  of  the  greater  strength  pos- 
sessed by  crucible  cast  steel,  but  the  figures  are  given  for  comparison  with 
the  other  different  qualities  which  may  be  made. 


American  Wire  Rope 


147 


Flattened  Strand  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Haulage  or 
Transmission  Rope 

Type  C-5  Strands-9  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 
Type  D— 6  Strands— 8  Wires  to  the  Strand  — 1    Hemp  Core 


Type  C 


Type  D 


Type  C 

Type  D 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Price 
per  Foot 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum 
or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

IX 

$0.75 

63 

12.6 

3.65 

68 

13.6 

4.00 

8/2 

IX 

.64 

53 

10.6 

3.10 

57 

11.4 

3.45 

8 

IX 

.54 

46 

9.2 

2.55 

50 

10 

2.80 

?X 

1# 

.45 

37 

7.4 

2.05 

40 

8 

2.30 

6X 

.35 

31 

6.2 

1.65 

34 

6.8 

1.80 

5# 

H 

.275 

24 

4.8 

1.24 

26 

5.2 

1.38 

5 

U 

.205 

18.6 

3.72 

.92 

20 

4 

1.00 

4X 

X 

.14 

13 

2.6 

.64 

14 

2.8 

.72 

3^ 

% 

.10 

7.7 

1.54 

.40 

8.3 

1.66 

.45 

2^ 

3/S 

.07 

4.6 

.92 

.23 

5 

1 

.25 

2 

Type  D  is  the  stronger  of  the  two  constructions  and  is  used  in  logging, 
coal  dock  haulage  and  similar  places.  Although  it  is  more  expensive  than 
round  strand  rope  it  is  considered  more  economical  by  some  rope  users  on 
account  of  its  longer  service  under  certain  conditions.  Type  C  is  the  older 
type  and  not  used  so  much  as  type  D.  Always  made  Lang's  lay. 

Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center  for  Type  D. 


148 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Flattened  Strand  Extra  Strong  Crncible  Cast  Steel 
Haulage  or  Transmission  Rope 

Type  C-5   Strands— 9  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 
Type  D—  6  Strands— 8  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


Type  C 


Type  D 


Type  C 

Type  D 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Price 
per  Foot 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons 
of  2UOO 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum 
or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

IK 

$0.93 

73 

14.6 

3.65 

79 

15.8 

4.00 

S>/2 

l# 

.80 

63 

12.6 

3.10 

68 

13.6 

3.45 

8 

IX 

.68 

54 

10.8 

2.55 

58 

11.6 

2.80 

W 

l# 

.54 

43 

8.6 

2.05 

46 

9.2 

2.30 

6X 

.45 

35 

7.0 

1.65 

38 

7.6 

1.80 

5^ 

7A 

.35 

28 

5.6 

1.24 

30 

6.0 

1.38 

5 

X 

.27 

21 

4.2 

.92 

22.7 

4.54 

1.00 

4K 

ft 

.18 

14.5 

2.9 

.64 

15.7 

3.14 

.72 

3^ 

# 

.14 

8.85 

1.77 

.40 

9.6 

1.92 

.45 

2K 

H 

.11 

5.25 

1.05 

.23 

5.7 

1.14 

.25 

2 

This  is  a  stronger  rope  than  crucible  cast  steel  and  may  be  used  for 
heavier  loads,  as  shown  by  table  above.  Type  D  is  the  most  popular  con- 
struction and  is  frequently  used  on  coal  dock  roads  and  similar  places. 
Always  made  Lang's  lay. 

Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center  for  Type  D. 


American  Wire   Rope 


149 


Flattened  Strand  Monitor  Plow  Steel  Haulage  or 
Transmission  Rope 

Type  C— 5  Strands- 9  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 
Type  D— 6  Strands— 8  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 


Type  C 


Type  D 


Type  C 

TypeD 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Price 
per  Foot 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load 
in  Tons 
of  2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum 
or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

IX 

$0.88 

67 

13.4 

2.55 

73 

14.6 

2.80 

9^ 

1# 

.70 

52 

10.4 

2.05 

56 

11.2 

2.30 

8 

1 

.58 

42 

8.4 

1.65 

46 

9.2 

1.80 

6# 

H 

.44 

33 

6.6 

1.24 

36 

7.2 

1.38 

6 

X 

.35 

25 

5.0 

.92 

27 

5.4 

1.00 

5X 

H 

.25 

17# 

3.5 

.64 

19 

3.8 

.72 

4K 

X 

•  16X 

11 

2.2 

.40 

11.9 

2.38 

.45 

3# 

This  is  the  strongest  flattened  strand  haulage  rope  made  and  is  used 
principally  in  type  D  for  some  coal  dock  haulage  roads  and  in  small  sizes 
for  logging.  Always  made  Lang's  lay. 

Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center  for  Type  D. 


150 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Flattened  Strand  Hoisting  Ropes 

Type  A— 5  Strands— 28  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1   Hemp  Core 
Type  B-6  Strands— 25  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 

Flattened  strand  hoisting  ropes  are  made  in  two  types,  known  as  type  A 
and  type  B ;  type  A  being  the  older  construction  and  type  B  the  newer  one. 

These  ropes  compare  in  flexibility  with  the  standard  hoisting  rope  shown 
on  page  126.  They  possess,  however,  about  150  per  cent  greater  wearing 
surface  than  the  round  strand  ropes  of  the  same  diameter,  and  they  have 
been  used  generally  in  the  same  places. 

Type  A  is  made  in  four  grades,  as  follows : 

1.  Iron   • 

2.  Crucible   Cast  Steel 

3.  Extra  Strong  Crucible   Cast  Steel 

4.  Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel 

Type  B  is  made  in  three  grades,  as  follows : 

1.  Crucible   Cast  Steel 

2.  Extra  Strong  Crucible   Cast  Steel 

3.  Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel 


Type  A 


Type  B 


American  Wire  Rope 


151 


Flattened  Strand  Iron  Hoisting  Rope 


Type  A— 5  Strands— 28  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


Type  A 


Diameter  in 
Inches 

List  Price  per 
Foot 

Approximate 
Strength  in  Tons 
of  2000  Pounds 

Proper  Working 
Load  in  Tons 
of  2000  Pounds 

Approximate 
Weight  per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet  Advised 

2X 

$1.52 

72 

14.4 

8.00 

nx 

2 

1.20 

55 

11 

6.30 

10# 

1% 

1.04 

44 

8.8 

4.85 

9 

1% 

.82 

38 

7.6 

4.15 

71A 

IK 

.74 

33 

6.6 

3.55 

W 

1H 

.625 

28 

5.6 

3.00 

6>( 

IX 

.52 

22.8 

4.56 

2.45 

5^ 

l# 

.43 

18.6 

3.72 

2.00 

5X 

i 

.34 

14.5 

2.90 

1.58 

4# 

H 

.26 

11.8 

2.36 

1.20 

4 

X 

.21 

8.5 

1.70 

.89 

3^ 

% 

.155 

6.0 

1.20 

.62 

3 

TS 

.13 

4.7 

.94 

.50 

2^ 

% 

.105 

3.9 

.78 

.39 

2 

H 

.095 

2.4 

.48 

.22 

1 

The  use  of  this  type  of  rope  is  confined  almost  entirely  to  elevators,  but 
it  is  not  used  as  largely  as  the  iron  hoisting  rope  shown  on  page  127.  These 
ropes  are  always  made  Lang's  lay. 


152 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Flattened  Strand  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Type  A— 5  Strands— 28  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 
Type   B  — 6  Strands— 25  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


Type    A 


Type   B 


Type  A 

Type  B 

Diameter 
in 
Inches 

List  Price 
per  Foot 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load  in 
Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
200U 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load  in 
Tons  of 
2009 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum 
or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

2X 

$1.82 

133 

26.6 

8.00 

146 

29.2 

9.20 

8/2 

2 

1.44 

106 

21.2 

6.30 

117 

23.4 

7.25 

8 

IX 

1.21 

85 

17.0 

4.85 

94 

18.8 

5.60 

7X 

1^6 

.96 

72 

14.4 

4.15 

79 

15.8 

4.75 

6X 

1>£ 

.86 

64 

12.8 

3.55 

70 

14.0 

4.00 

&X 

1^ 

.73 

56 

11.2 

3.00 

62 

12.4 

3.45 

5^ 

IX 

.595 

47 

9.4 

2.45 

52 

10.4 

2.80 

5 

1/8 

.50 

38 

7.6 

2.00 

42 

8.4 

2.30 

4^ 

.395 

30 

6.0 

1.58 

33 

6.6 

1.80 

4 

# 

.30 

23 

4.6 

1.20 

25 

5.0 

1.38 

3X 

.24 

17.5 

3.5 

.89 

19.3 

3.86 

1.00 

3 

^ 

.18X 

12.5 

2.5 

.62 

13.8 

2.76 

.72 

2X 

T9¥ 

.165 

10 

2 

.50 

11 

2.2 

.58 

IX 

% 

.145 

8.4 

1.68 

.39 

9.3 

1.86 

.45 

Type  A  is  more  frequently  used  in  the  sizes  smaller  than  one  inch, 
although  occasionally  used  in  the  larger  sizes  as  well.  Type  B  is  used  in  all 
sizes  for  coal  hoisting,  dredging,  etc.  This  rope  is  always  made  Lang's  lay. 

Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center  for  Type  B. 


American  Wire  Rope 


153 


Flattened  Strand  Extra  Strong  Crncible  Cast  Steel 
Hoisting  Rope 

Type  A-5  Strands -28  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 
Type  B— 6  Strands— 25  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


Type    B 


Type  A 

Type  B 

Diameter 
in 
Inches 

List  Price 
per  Foot 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load  in 
Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load  in 
Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum 
or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

W 

$2.20 

160 

32 

8.00 

176 

35.2 

9.20 

8^ 

2 

1.77 

123 

24.6 

6.30 

135 

27 

7.25 

8 

1# 

1.55 

99 

19.8 

4.85 

109 

21.8 

5.60 

?X 

1# 

1.30 

83 

16.6 

4.15 

91 

18.2 

4.75 

6X 

IK 

1.05 

73 

14.6 

3.55 

80 

16 

4.00 

5^ 

1# 

.90 

64 

12.8 

3.00 

70 

14 

3.45 

5/2 

IX 

.70 

53 

10.6 

2.45 

58 

11.6 

2.80 

5 

1# 

.59 

43 

8.6 

2.00 

47 

9.4 

2.30 

4K 

1 

.48 

34 

6.8 

1.58 

37 

7.4 

1.80 

4 

K 

.38 

26 

5.2 

1.20 

29 

5.8 

1.38 

3K 

H 

.30 

20.2 

4.04 

.89 

22.2 

4.44 

1.00 

3 

# 

.225 

14 

2.80 

.62 

15.4 

3.08 

.72 

2X 

A 

.195 

11.2 

2.24 

.50 

12.3 

2.46 

.58 

1# 

K 

.175 

9.2 

1.84 

.39 

10.1 

2.02 

.45 

IK 

Types  A  and  B  are  made  and  both  have  the  same  general  uses  as  Crucible 
Cast  Steel  except  that  somewhat  heavier  loads  may  be  handled  than  with  the 
Crucible  Cast  Steel.  This  rope  is  always  made  Lang's  lay. 

Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center  for  Type  B. 


154 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Flattened  Strand  Monitor  Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Type  A— 5  Strands— 28  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 
Type   B— 6  Strands— 25  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


Type    A 


Type  B 


Type  A 

Type  B 

Diameter 
in 
Inches 

List  Price 
per  Foot 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load  in 
Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working 
Load  in 
Tons  of 
2000 
Pounds 

Approx. 
Weight 
per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Diameter 
of  Drum  ' 
or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

2X 

$2.85 

210 

42 

8.00 

231 

46.2 

9.20 

12 

2 

2.25 

166 

33.2 

6.30 

183 

36.6 

7.25 

11 

IX 

2.08 

133 

26.6 

4.85 

146 

29.2 

5.60 

9 

1* 

1.56 

110 

22 

4.15 

121 

24.2 

4.75 

8^ 

1/2 

1.37 

98 

19.6 

3.55 

108 

21.6 

4.00 

8 

iX 

1.12 

84 

16.8 

3.00 

92 

18.4 

3.45 

ly* 

IX 

.89 

69 

13.8 

2.45 

76 

15.2 

2.80 

7 

i# 

.71 

56 

11.2 

2.00 

62 

12.4 

2.30 

6 

.60 

45 

9 

1.58 

50 

10.0 

1.80 

5 

n 

.49 

35 

7 

1.20 

39 

7.8 

1.38 

4^ 

X 

.375 

26.3 

5.26 

.89 

29 

5.8 

1.00 

4 

x 

.28 

19 

3.8 

.62 

21 

4.2 

.72 

3K 

& 

.25 

14.5 

2.9 

.50 

16 

3.2 

.58 

3 

% 

.20^ 

12.1 

2.42 

.39 

13.3 

2.7 

.45 

2^ 

This  is  the  strongest  rope  of  this  construction  that  is  made,  and  it  is 
particularly  adapted  for  dredging  and  heavy  hoisting.  Type  B  is  preferable  to 
type  A.  This  rope  is  always  made  Lang's  lay. 

Add  10  per  cent,  for  wire  center  for  Type  B. 


American  Wire  Rope 


155 


Tiller   Rope   or  Hand   Rope 


6  Strands  of  42  Wires  Each—  252  Wires  in  All—  7  Hemp  Cores 


Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circum- 
ference in 
Inches 

List  Price  per  Foot 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or 
Sheave  in 
Inches 
Advised 

Approximate   Breaking 
Strength 

Iron 

Crucible 
Cast  Steel 

Iron,  Lbs. 

Crucible  Cast 
Steel,  Lbs. 

1 

3 

$0.33 

$0.43 

1.10 

24 

22,000 

35,000 

H 

2^ 

.27 

.36 

.84 

21 

15,500 

26,000 

X          sx 

.22 

.30 

.62 

18 

11,000 

18,000 

X 

2 

.17 

.24 

.43 

15 

7,000 

13,500 

T9* 

1# 

.14 

.20 

.35 

18# 

6,300 

11,000 

# 

1# 

.11# 

.17 

.28 

12 

5,800 

9,000 

IX 

.10                 .15 

.21 

•10# 

4,000 

6,500 

y%       i# 

.09                 .14 

.16 

9 

3,000 

4,800 

i 

.08                 .12^ 

.11 

1l/2 

1,900 

3,600 

X           X 

-07^ 

.11 

.07 

6 

1,300 

2,500 

The  wires  in  this  rope  are  very  fine,  and  should  not  be  subjected  to 
much  abrasive  wear. 

It  is  used  to  a  limited  extent  for  steering  lines  on  yachts  and  motor  boats. 
Galvanized  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Yacht  Rope,  6  strands,  19  wires  to  the  strand, 
1  hemp  core,  is  preferred  by  many  for  motor  boats. 

Three-eighths  and  one-half-inch  diameter  Iron  Tiller  or  Hand  Rope  is  used 
for  starting  and  stopping  elevators.  This  rope  is  also  called  Elevator 
Shipper  Rope. 

Tiller  Rope  of  tinned  or  galvanized  iron  or  steel  is  furnished  if  required. 
For  this  rope  add  10  per  cent  to  the  foregoing  list  prices. 


156  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

American    Non-spinning   Hoisting   Hope 

18  Strands— Composed  of  7   Wires  Each— 1  Hemp  Core 


Side  View  of  American  Non-spinning  Rope,  Showing   Exact  Lay  of 
Inside  and  Outside  Wires 


Non-spinning  Hoisting  Rope  is  constructed  as  follows  :  First,  6  strands  of 
7  wires  each,  Lang's  lay  (wires  in  the  strands  and  strands  themselves  twisted  to 
the  left),  are  laid  around  a  hemp  core ;  second,  these  strands  are  then  covered 
with  an  outer  layer  composed  of  12  strands,  7  wires,  Regular  lay  (wires  in  the 
strands  twisted  to  the  left  and  strands  themselves  twisted  to  the  right). 

The  real  object  of  this  combination  of  lays  is  to  prevent  a  free  load  sus- 
pended on  the  end  of  a  single  line  from  rotating.  The  spinning  of  a  load 
endangers  the  lives  of  employees,  and  the  constant  attention  required  to  guide 
the  load  in  its  ascent  not  only  means  extra  trouble  but  expense  as  well. 

We  recommend  this  type  of  rope  for  "back-haul  "  or  single  line  derricks; 
also  for  shaft  sinking  and  mine  hoisting  where  bucket  or  cage  swings  free 
without  guides. 

Non-spinning  Rope  works  best  where  it  does  not  overwind  on  drum. 

Either  a  closed  socket  or  an  open  socket  makes  the  best  fastening  on  the 
end  of  Non-spinning  Rope.  See  pages  206  and  207. 

These  may  be  fastened  in  the  same  manner  as  any  rope  socket,  but  great 
care  must  be  taken  in  attaching  the  socket  to  the  rope  to  see  that  the  strands 
do  not  untwist  or  allow  any  slack  to  work  back  into  the  rope.  It  is  best  to 
seize  the  end  of  the  rope  tightly  for  a  distance  of  4  or  5  inches  just  outside  of 
the  socket  until  the  socketing  is  completed,  when  it  may  be  taken  off.  When- 
ever possible,  it  would  be  advisable  for  customers  to  have  us  attach  the  socket 
at  our  factory  to  ensure  the  best  possible  results. 

This  rope  is  made  in  five  qualities  or  strengths,  as  follows : 

1 .  Iron 

2.  Crucible   Cast  Steel 

3.  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

4.  Plow  Steel 

5.  Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel 


American  Wire  Rope 


157 


Non-spinning  Iron  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 

18  Strands— 7  Wires  Each-1  Hemp  Core 

Patented 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Circumference 
in  Inches 

Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Breaking 
Stress  in 
Tons  of  2UOO 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working  Load 
in  Tons  of 
2000  Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or 
Sheave  in  Feet 
Advised 

$0.80 

1# 

5/2 

5.50 

45.80 

9.1 

7.00 

.65 

1# 

5 

4.90 

39.80 

7.9 

6.50 

.57 

1# 

4^ 

4.32 

34.00 

6.8 

6.00 

.49 

1/8 

4X 

3.60 

28.20 

5.6 

5.50 

.40 

IX 

4 

2.80 

23.40 

4.6 

5.00 

.33 

1* 

3/2 

2.34 

19.60 

3.9 

4.50 

.26 

1 

3 

1.73 

14.95 

2.9 

4.00 

.20 

# 

2^ 

1.44 

11.95 

2.3 

3.50 

.16 

X 

2X 

1.02 

8.85 

1.7 

3.00 

.12 

^ 

2 

.70 

5.90 

1.1 

2.50 

.10 

T96 

1# 

.87 

4.85 

.97 

2.25 

.08^ 

y2 

IX 

.42 

3.65 

.73 

2.00 

.07^ 

T5 

IX 

.31 

2.63 

.52 

1.75 

.07 

H 

1# 

.25 

2.10 

.42 

1.50 

This  grade  of  rope  is  not  used  very  much,  but  figures  given  are  largely  for 
comparative  purposes. 


158 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Non-spinning  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 

18  Strands— 7  Wires  Each— 1   Hemp  Core 

Patented 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Circumference 
in  Inches 

Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Breaking 
Stress  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working  Load 
in  Tons  of 
2000  Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or 
Sheave  in  Feet 
Advised 

$0.90 

IX                 5X 

5.50 

85.90 

17.1 

7.00 

.77 

1#                 5 

4.90 

74.40 

14.8 

6.50 

.66 

1# 

4X 

4.32 

63.80 

12.7 

6.00 

.56 

1# 

4X 

3.60 

52.00 

10.4 

5.50 

.46 

IX 

4 

2.80 

43.80 

8.7 

5.00 

.38 

1# 

3^ 

2.34 

36.80 

7.3 

4.50 

.31 

3 

1.73 

28.00 

5.6 

4.00 

.24 

10 

2^ 

1.44      . 

22.50 

4.5 

3.50 

.19 

X 

2X 

1.02 

16.70 

3.3 

3.00 

.14 

H 

2 

.70 

11.10 

2.2 

2.50 

.12 

A 

1# 

.57 

9.10 

1.8 

2.25 

.11 

AS 

1# 

.42 

6.90 

1.8 

2.00 

.10 

TV 

IX 

.31 

4.90 

.98 

1.75 

.09^ 

H 

1# 

.25 

3.90 

.78 

1.50 

This  rope  works  best  when  used  as  a  single  end  line,  as  it  holds  a  load 
perfectly  still,  without  untwisting.  It  should  not  be  loaded  as  heavily  as  ordi- 
nary hoisting  rope.  It  is  especially  adapted  for  single  end  derricks,  mine 
shaft  sinking,  etc.  It  should  not  overwind  on  drum. 


American  Wire  Rope 


159 


Non-spinning  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast 
Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 

18  Strands— 7  Wires  Each— 1   Hemp  Core 

Patented 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Circumference 
in  Inches 

Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Breaking 
Stress  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working  Load 
in  Tons  of 
2000  Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or 
Sheave  in  Feet 
Advised 

$1.10 

1# 

5^ 

5.50 

101.00 

20.2 

7.00 

.94 

1# 

5 

4.90 

87.60 

17.5 

6.50 

.80 

IK 

4X 

4.32 

75.00 

15.0 

6.00 

.68 

w 

4X 

3.60 

62.40 

12.4 

5.50 

.56 

IX 

4 

2.80 

51,60 

10.3 

5.00 

.46 

1# 

3^ 

2.34 

43.20 

8.6 

4.50 

.37 

1 

3 

1.73 

33.00 

6.6 

4.00 

.29 

# 

2^ 

1.44 

26.50 

5.3 

3.50 

.22 

X 

2X 

1.02 

19.60 

3.9 

3.00 

.16^ 

# 

2 

.70 

13.10 

2.6 

2.50 

.14 

T9* 

IK 

.57 

10.70 

2.1 

2.25 

.12^ 

/2 

1# 

.42 

8.10 

1.6 

2.00 

.n/2 

IX 

.31 

5.80 

1.1 

1.75 

.11 

8 

1# 

.25 

4.60 

.92 

1.50 

This  rope  is  stronger  than  crucible  cast  steel  and  will  carry  somewhat 
heavier  loads.  It  works  best  when  used  as  a  single  end  line,  as  it  holds 
the  load  perfectly  still  without  untwisting.  It  should  not  be  loaded  so  heavily 
as  ordinary  hoisting  rope  if  best  results  are  to  be  obtained.  This  rope  is 
especially  adapted  for  single  line  derricks,  mine  shaft  sinking,  etc.  It  should 
not  overwind  on  drum. 


160 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Non-spinning  Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 

18   Strands— 7  Wires  Each— 1  Hemp  Core 

Patented 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Circumference 
in  Inches 

Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Breaking 
Stress  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper 
Working  Load 
in  Tons  of 
2000  Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or 
>  heave  in  Feet 
Advised 

$1.30 

1# 

5^ 

5.50 

111.10 

22.2 

7.00 

1.08 

1% 

5 

4.90 

96.30 

19.2 

6.50 

.93 

IX 

4^r 

4.32 

82.50 

16.5 

6.00 

.79 

1# 

4X 

3.60 

68.60 

13.7 

5.50 

.65 

IX 

4 

2.80 

56.80 

11.3 

5.00 

.54 

1# 

3^ 

2.34 

47.50 

9.5 

4.50 

.43 

3 

1.73 

36.30 

7.2 

4.00 

.34 

ft 

2^ 

1.44 

31.80 

6.3 

3.50 

.26 

% 

2^ 

1.02 

24.60 

4.9 

3.00 

.19 

ft 

2 

.70 

15.75 

3.1 

2.50 

.16 

T* 

1# 

.57 

12.80 

2.5 

2.25 

.14 

* 

IK 

.42 

9.75 

1.9 

2.00 

.13 

IX 

.31 

6.85 

1.3 

1.75 

-12X 

» 

1/8 

.25 

5.55 

1.1 

1.50 

This  is  a  very  strong  rope,  and  capable  of  lifting  heavy  loads.  It 
works  best  when  used  as  a  single  end  line,  as  it  holds  a  load  perfectly 
still  without  untwisting.  It  should  not  be  loaded  so  heavily  as  ordinary 
hoisting  rope  if  best  results  are  to  be  obtained.  This  rope  is  especially 
adapted  to  single  line  derricks,  mine  shaft  sinking,  etc.  It  should  not  overwind 
on  drum. 


American  Wire  Rope 


161 


Noii-spinniii£   Monitor   Plow   Steel   Hoisting   Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 

18  Strands- 7  Wires  Each— 1   Hemp  Core 

Patented 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Circumference 
in  Inches 

Weight 
per  Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Breaking 
Stress  in  Tons 
of  2000  Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drumor  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

$1.60 

IX 

5/2 

5.50 

122.00 

24.4 

7.00 

1.10 

IX 

4X 

4.32 

90.70 

18.1 

6.00 

.90 

1/8 

4X 

3.60 

75.50 

15.1 

5.50 

.75 

IX 

4 

2.80 

62.50 

12.5 

5.00 

.62 

1# 

3^ 

2.34 

52.20 

10.4 

4.50 

.50 

1 

3 

1.73 

39.00 

7.8 

4.00 

.39 

H 

2X 

1.44 

35.00 

7.0 

3.50 

.31 

X 

2X 

1.02 

27.00 

5.4 

3.00 

.22^ 

» 

2 

.70 

17.30 

3.4 

2.50 

.17 

% 

1# 

.42 

10.70 

2.1 

2.00 

.uy2 

X 

1* 

.25 

6.10 

1.2 

1.50 

Where  the  requirements  are  severe  we  recommend  Monitor  Plow  Steel  Rope.  It  is  the 
strongest  and  most  efficient  rope  produced. 

It  works  best  when  used  as  a  single  end  line,  as  it  holds  a  load  perfectly 
still  without  untwisting.  It  should  not  be  loaded  so  heavily  as  ordinary  hoist- 
ing rope  if  best  results  are  to  be  obtained.  This  rope  is  especially  adapted 
for  single  line  derricks,  mine  shaft  sinking,  etc.  It  should  not  overwind 
on  drum. 


162 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


Steel   Clad   Hoisting   Rope 

6  Strands— 19  Wire*  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 
6  Strands— 37  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 
6  Strands— 61  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


Steel   Clad   Ropes     Are   made   in   three    constructions   for  the   purpose   of 
securing    different    degrees   of  flexibility.      These   con- 
structions are  the  6  x  19,  6  x  37  and  6  x  61  types,  each  of  which  is  furnished 
in  four  grades : 

1.  Crucible  Cast  Steel. 

2.  Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel. 

3.  Plow  Steel. 

4.  Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel. 

The  flat  strips  of  steel  which  are  wound  spirally  around  each  of  the  six 
strands  composing  the  rope,  give  it  additional  wearing  surface  without  sacrific- 
ing the  flexibility  in  any  way.  When  the  outer  flat  steel  winding  is  worn 
through  in  service,  a  complete  hoisting  rope  remains,  with  unimpaired  strength, 
the  flat  strip  having  served  to  protect  the  inner  wires  from  all  wear  up  to  this 
point.  The  worn  flat  strips  naturally  crowd  down  between  the  strands  of  the 
rope,  and  in  this  manner  they  provide  additional  wearing  surface  for  the  rope 
where  it  runs  over  sheaves  or  drums. 

These  ropes  are  designed  to  meet  very  severe  conditions  of  service.  The 
increased  life  obtained  by  the  use  of  steel  clad  rope  easily  offsets  any  increased 
first  cost.  In  many  places  where  conditions  are  suitable,  additional  service 
of  from  50  to  100  per  cent  is  frequently  obtained. 


American    Wire    Rope 


163 


Steel  Clad  Hoisting  Rope 

Crucible  Cast  Steel 
6   Strands— 19   Wires   to   the   Strand— 1    Hemp   Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Finished 
Diameter  over 
Serving  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of 
Bare  Rope  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2-000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

#1.56 

2X 

2 

8.45 

106 

21.2 

8 

1.29 

2                     1% 

6.70 

96 

19.2 

7.5 

1.16 

1%                        1% 

6.02 

85 

17.0 

7 

1.01 

5.25 

72 

14.4 

6.5 

.89 

Ift                           Il/2 

4.62 

64 

12.8 

6 

.78 

Il/2                            I  ft 

3.95 

56 

11.2 

5.5 

.67 

IH                            1% 

3.30 

47 

9.4 

5 

.57 

1%                            1/-6 

2.80 

38 

7.6 

4.5 

.49 

iyi           i 

2.12 

30 

6.0 

4 

.41 

1                                 7/X 

1.72 

23 

4.6 

3.5 

.36 

7/s 

H 

1.30 

17.5 

3.5 

3 

.30 

% 

H 

1.00 

12.5 

2.5 

2.5 

.26 

H 

.70 

8.4 

1.68                2 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  unusually  severe  conditions 
of  rope  service  where  the  additional  wearing  surface  due  to  the  flat  strips 
spirally  served,  materially  increases  the  durability  of  the  rope  thus  employed. 
Its  use  is  recommended  particularly  for  dredging  and  similar  difficult  conditions 
of  rope  usage. 


164 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


Steel   Clad   Hoisting   Rope 

Extra    Strong    Crucible   Cast   Steel 


6    Strands—  19    Wires    to    the    Strand—  1    Hemp    Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Finished 
Diameter  over 
Serving  in 
In<  ics 

Diameter  of 
Bare  Rope  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

$1.74 

2X 

2 

8.45 

123 

24.6 

8 

1.52 

2  4 

1% 

6.70 

112 

22.4 

7.5 

1.36 

1^5 

13/ 

6.02 

99 

19.8 

7 

1.18 

I3/                  15^ 

5.25 

83 

16.6 

6.5 

1.03 

IX                  !X 

4.62 

73 

14.6 

6 

.90 

IX 

IX 

3.95 

64 

12.8 

5.5 

.77 

IX 

3.30 

53 

10.6 

5 

.65 

IX 

1^ 

2.80 

43 

8.6 

4.5 

.55 

1 

2.12 

34 

6.80 

4 

.46 

1 

ft 

1.72 

26 

5.20 

3.5 

.39 

X 

1.30 

20.2 

4.04 

3 

.32 

K 

H 

1.00 

14 

2.80 

2.5 

.27 

* 

.70 

9.2 

1.84 

2 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  unusually  severe  conditions 
of  rope  service  where  the  additional  wearing  surface  due  to  the  flat  strips 
spirally  served,  materially  increases  the  durability  of  the  rope  thus  employed. 
Its  use  is  recommended  particularly  for  dredging  and  similar  difficult  conditions 
of  rope  usage. 


American    Wire    Rope 


165 


Steel   Clad   Hoisting   Rope 

Plow    Steel 

Strands— 19    Wires    to    the    Strand— I    Hemp    Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Finished 
Diameter  over 
Serving  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of 
Bare  Rope  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

#1.98 

oy 

2 

8.45 

140 

28 

s 

1.73 

24                   17/S 

6.70 

127 

25 

7.5 

1.56 

17/S                        13^ 

6.02 

112 

22 

7 

1.32 

IV                   15^ 

5.25 

94 

19 

6.5 

1.16 

1^                   1^ 

4.62 

82 

16 

6 

1.01 

iy2                    iyg 

3.95 

72 

14 

5.5 

.86 

1H                  *X 

3.30 

58 

12 

5 

.73 

IX              1^ 

2.80                 47 

9.4 

4.5 

.61 

1 

2.12 

38 

7.6 

4 

.51 

1 

% 

1.72 

29 

5.8 

3.5 

.43 

^ 

X 

1.30 

23 

4.6 

3 

.35 

X 

^ 

1.00 

15.5                3.1 

2.5 

.29 

* 

y* 

.70 

10 

2.0 

2 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  unusually  severe  conditions 
of  rope  service  where  the  additional  wearing  surface  due  to  the  flat  strips 
spirally  served,  materially  increases  the  durability  of  the  rope  thus  employed. 
Its  use  is  recommended  particularly  for  dredging  and  similar  difficult  conditions 
of  rope  usage. 


166 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


Steel   Clad   Hoisting   Rope 

Monitor    Plow    Steel 
6    Strands— 19    Wires    to   the    Strand— 1    Hemp    Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Finished 
Diameter  over 
Serving  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of 
Bare  Rope  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised    ' 

$2.25 

2X 

2 

8.45 

166 

33 

8 

2.02 

2 

1# 

6.70 

150 

30 

7.5 

1.86 

IH 

Itf 

6.02 

133 

27 

7 

1.54 

i* 

1# 

5.25 

110 

22 

6.5 

1.33 

i# 

1# 

4.62 

98 

20 

6 

1.12 

i# 

1# 

3.95 

84 

17 

5.5 

.96 

iH 

IX 

3.30 

69 

14 

5 

.81 

IX 

Itf 

2.80 

56 

11 

4.5 

.68 

1# 

2.12 

45 

9 

4 

.56 

1 

# 

1.72 

35 

7 

3.5 

.48 

J/8 

X 

1.30 

26.3 

5.3 

3 

.38 

% 

# 

1.00 

19 

3.8 

2.5 

.32                  # 

£ 

.70 

12.1 

2.4 

2 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  unusually  severe  conditions 
of  rope  service  where  the  additional  wearing  surface  due  to  the  flat  strips 
spirally  served,  materially  increases  the  durability  of  the  rope  thus  employed. 
Its  use  is  recommended  particularly  for  dredging  and  similar  difficult  conditions 
of  rope  usage. 


American    Wire    Rope 


167 


Steel   Clad,    Special   Flexible   Hoisting   Rope 

Crucible    Cast    Steel 

6    Strands— 37    Wires    to    the    Strand— 1    Hemp    Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Finished 
Diameter  over 
Serving  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of 
Bare  Rope  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

#2.52 

2% 

2^ 

12.05 

160 

32 

8 

2.10 

2/2 

2X 

9.90 

125 

25 

7 

1.75 

2)4 

2 

8.00 

105 

21 

6 

1.47 

2 

IH 

6.60 

94 

18.8 

5.25 

1.31 

IH 

IK 

5.90 

84 

17 

4.75 

1.13 

IK 

i» 

4.90 

71 

14 

4.25 

1.02 

i# 

IK 

4.30 

63 

12 

3.75 

.87 

i# 

1/8 

3.75 

55 

11 

3.5 

.76 

i# 

IX 

3.05 

45 

9 

3.2 

.65 

IX 

1# 

2.40 

34 

7 

2.83 

.55 

i# 

1 

2.00 

29 

6 

2.5 

.45 

i 

# 

1.75 

23 

5 

2.16 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  unusually  severe  conditions 
of  rope  service  where  the  additional  wearing  surface  due  to  the  flat  strips 
spirally  served,  materially  increases  the  durability  of  the  rope  thus  employed. 
It's  use  is  recommended  particularly  for  dredging  and  similar  difficult  conditions 
of  rope  usage. 


168 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


Steel   Clad,    Special   Flexible   Hoisting   Rope 

Extra    Strong    Crucible    Cast    Steel 

6    Strands— 37    Wires    to    the    Strand— 1    Hemp    Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

_  Finished 
Diameter  over 
Serving  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of 
Bare  Rope  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in  . 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

#2.95 

2X 

2^ 

12.05 

187 

37 

8 

2.40 

2  y& 

2X 

9.90 

150 

30 

7 

1.95 

2% 

2 

8.00 

117 

23 

6 

1.68 

2 

1# 

6.60 

106 

21.2 

5.25 

1.54 

Iff 

1% 

5.90 

95 

19 

4.75 

1.31 

IK 

1  5^ 

4.90 

79 

16 

4.25 

1.18 

\y^ 

\y 

4.30 

71 

14 

3.75 

1.00 

llA 

1/8 

3.75 

61 

12 

3.5 

.86 

1/8 

IX 

3.05 

50 

10 

3.2 

.74 

1  X 

1  i^ 

2.40 

39 

8 

2.83 

.62 

ly^ 

1 

2.00 

32 

6.4 

2.5 

.51 

1 

* 

1.75 

25 

5 

2.16 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  unusually  severe  conditions 
of  rope  service  where  the  additional  wearing  surface  due  to  the  flat  strips 
spirally  served,  materially  increases  the  durability  of  the  rope  thus  employed. 
Its  use  is  recommended  particularly  for  dredging  and  similar  difficult  conditions 
of  rope  usage. 


American    Wire    Rope 


169 


Steel   Clad,    Special   Flexible   Hoisting   Rope 

Plow    Steel 

6    Strands— 37    Wires    to    the    Strand— 1    Hemp    Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Finished 
Diameter  over 
Serving  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of 
Bare  Rope  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

$3.35 

•    2X 

2y2 

12.05 

214 

43 

8 

2.70 

2  Vz 

2X 

9.90 

175 

35 

7 

2.20 

2X 

2 

8.00 

130 

26 

6 

1.92 

2 

1^ 

6.60 

119 

23.8 

5.25 

1.76 

1# 

!K 

5.90 

108 

22 

4.75 

1.49 

IX 

1^ 

4.90 

90 

18 

4.25 

1.33 

1^£ 

l/^ 

4.30 

80 

16 

3.75 

1.13 

1# 

1^1 

3.75 

68 

14 

3.5 

.96 

IN 

!X 

3.05 

55 

11 

3.2 

.83 

IX 

\y% 

2.40 

44 

9 

2.83 

.69 

1/^5 

I 

2.00 

35 

7 

2.5 

.57 

1 

?/* 

1.75 

27 

5 

2.16 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  unusually  severe  conditions 
of  rope  service  where  the  additional  wearing  surface  due  to  the  flat  strips 
spirally  served,  materially  increases  the  durability  of  the  rope  thus  employed. 
Its  use  is  recommended  particularly  for  dredging  and  similar  difficult  conditions 
of  rope  usage. 


170 


American    Steel    and    \V^ire    Company 


Steel   Clad,    Special    Flexible   Hoisting   Rope 

Monitor    Plow    Steel 
6    Strands -37    Wires    to    the    Strand— 1    Hemp    Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Finished 
Diameter  over 
Serving  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of 
Bare  Rope  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

$3.75 

2# 

2X 

12.05 

225 

45 

8 

3.00 

2/^ 

2X 

9.90 

184 

37 

7 

2.50 

2.// 

2 

8.00 

137 

27 

6 

2.19 

2 

1# 

6.60 

125 

25 

5.25 

2.01 

1# 

1# 

5.90 

113 

23 

4.75 

1.69 

IV 

1  $A 

4.90 

95 

19 

4.25 

1.48 

1^ 

\y 

4.30 

84 

17 

3.75 

1.27 

1^ 

IH 

3.75 

71 

14 

3.5 

1.07 

1/8 

i# 

3.05 

58 

11 

3.2 

.94 

i/^ 

2.40 

46 

9.2 

2.83 

.77 

l^J 

i 

2.00 

37 

7.4 

2.5 

.63 

1 

# 

1.75 

29 

5.8 

2.16 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  unusually  severe  conditions 
of  rope  service  where  the  additional  wearing  surface  due  to  the  flat  strips 
spirally  served,  materially  increases  the  durability  of  the  rope  thus  employed. 
Its  use  is  recommended  particularly  for  dredging  and  similar  difficult  conditions 
of  rope  usage. 


American  Wire  Rope 


171 


Steel  Clad,  Extra  Special  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope 

6  Strands -61   Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


Crucible    Cast    Steel 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Finished 
Diameter  over 
Serving  in 
Inches 

Diameter  of 
Bare  Rope  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot  in 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Diameter  of 
Drum  or  Sheave 
in  Feet 
Advised 

$3.90 

3.23 
2.71 
2.26 

1.88 

S* 
3 

2X 

3 

2^ 
2^ 
2X 
2 

16.80 
14.35 
12.05 
9.90 

8.45 

240 
200 
160 
125 
105 

48 
40 
32 
25 
21 

10 
9 
8 

7 
6 

Extra    Strong    Crucible    Cast    Steel 


#4.55 
3.78 
3.18 
2.59 
2.10 

34 
P 

3 

2% 
2^ 

24 

16.80 
14.35 
12.05 
9.90 
8.45 

275 
233 
187 
150 
117 

55 
47 
37 
30 
23 

10 
9 
8 

7 
6 

Plow    Steel 

#5.10 
4.33 
3.62 
2.92 

2.38 

34 

3 
2# 

2# 

2 

16.80 
14.35 
12.05 
9.90 
8.45 

310 
265 
214 
175 
130 

62 
53 
43 
35 

26 

10 
9 

8 
7 
6 

Monitor    Plow    Steel 

#5.70 
4.82 
4.06 
3.25 
2.71 

34 

!# 

3 

2  4 

16.80 
14.35 
12.05 
9.90 
8.45 

325 
278 
225 
184 
137 

65 
55 
45 
37 
27 

10 
9 

8 
7 
6 

Add  10  per  cent  to  above  list  prices  for  wire  center. 

Ropes  of  this  construction  may  be  used  for  unusually  severe  conditions 
of  rope  service  where  the  additional  wearing  surface  due  to  the  flat  strips 
spirally  served,  materially  increases  the  durability  of  the  rope  thus  employed. 
Its  use  is  recommended  particularly  for  dredging  and  similar  difficult  conditions 
of  rope  usage. 


172 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


Galvanized   Wire   Rope 

This  rope  is  extra  galvanized  by  our  special  process,  which  ensures  adhe- 
sion of  the  zinc  to  the  metal.  The  galvanizing  does  not  crack,  chip  nor  flake. 
Used  where  exposure  to  the  weather,  constant  or  periodical  moisture,  etc., 
are  among  the  conditions  that  would  tend  to  corrode  a  rope  not  protected 
in  this  way. 

Ship's    Rigging   or   Guy   Rope 


Usually  made  of  6  strands,  7  wires  to  the  strand,  1  hemp  core.  Large 
sizes  are  sometimes  constructed  of  6  strands,  12  wires  to  the  strand,  1  hemp 
core.  Both  constructions  may  be  had  in  Iron,  Crucible  Cast  Steel  and  Plow 
Steel  grades,  extra  galvanized.  Galvanized  Iron  Rope  is  used  for  ship's 
rigging,  guys  for  derricks,  smokestacks,  etc. 


Yacht  Rigging  or  Guy  Rope 


Made  of  6  strands,  7  wires  to  the  strand,  for  yacht  or  ship's  standing 
rigging  and  derrick  guys,  and  of  6  strands,  19  wires  to  the  strand,  1  hemp 
core,  for  running  rigging  and  mooring  lines. 

Our  Galvanized  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Yacht  Rope,  6  strands,  7  wires  to  the 
strand,  1  hemp  core,  because  of  its  light  weight,  strength  and  durability,  is 


American  Wire  Rope 


173 


now  most  generally  employed  for  yacht  or  ship's  standing  rigging,  and  for 
derrick  guys.  When  greater  strength  is  required,  we  offer  Galvanized  Plow 
Steel  Rope  of  6  strands,  7  wires  to  the  strand,  1  hemp  core. 

Flexible  Galvanized  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Yacht  Rope,  6  strands,  19  wires 
to  the  strand,  1  hemp  core,  is  used  for  mooring  and  messenger  or  warping 
lines  on  ocean  and  lake  steamships,  steering  or  tiller  rope  on  motor  boats, 
and  for  straight-hauls  'and  backstays  on  yachts.  See  Galvanized  Motor  Boat 
Cord,  page  183. 

4 

Running    Rope 


Made  of  6  strands,  12  wires  to  the  strand,  7  hemp  cores,  in  Iron  and  Cru- 
cible Cast  Steel  grades,  extra  galvanized.  Designed  for  running  rigging  service 
where  great  flexibility  is  required  and  exposure  to  moisture  is  frequent.  This 
construction,  however,  has  much  less  strength  than  Galvanized  Crucible  Cast 
Steel  Yacht  Rope,  6  strands,  19  wires  to  the  strand,  1  hemp  core. 


Hawsers   and  Mooring   Lines 


Made  of  6  strands,  12  or  24  wires  to  the  strand,  7  hemp  cores,  in  Crucible 
Cast  Steel  quality,  extra  galvanized.  These  lines,  with  a  hemp  core  in  each 
strand  as  well  as  in  the  center  of  the  rope,  are  commonly  called  "  English 
Hawsers  or  Mooring  Lines,"  and  are  used  chiefly  on  foreign  ships  and 
steamers. 


174 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Galvanized  Steel  Deep  Sea  Towing  Hawsers 


The  construction  is  6  strands,  37  wires  to  the  strand,  1  hemp  core. 
These  hawsers  are  used  in  connection  with  automatic  steam  towing  machines 
for  sea,  river  and  lake  towing,  where  the  greatest  strength,  flexibility  and  dura- 
bility are  demanded.  More  than  50  per  cent  of  the  wires  in  the  strands  are 
on  the  inside,  so  that  the  outside  layer  of  wires  may  be  considerably  worn 
before  the  strength  of  the  inside  wires  become  impaired.  Our  towing  hawsers 
have  been  tested  under  the  most  severe  conditions  of  service.  It  is  not  prac- 
ticable to  coil  wire  hawsers  like  manila  hawsers ;  wire  hawsers  should  be 
wound  onto  deck  reels  especially  designed  for  the  purpose.  See  page  118. 


American  Wire  Rope 


175 


Galvanized   Iron    Ship's    Rigging   or   Guy   Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6    Strands— 7    or    1 2    Wires    to    the    Strand— 1     Hemp   Core 


List  Price  per  Foot 

Diameter  in 
Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Circumference 
of  Manila 
Rope  of  Equal 
Strength 

7  Wires  per 
Strand 

12  Wires  per 
Strand 

$0.44 

$0.46 

IX 

5/2 

4.85 

42 

11 

.41 

.43 

144 

5X 

4.42 

38 

10^ 

.38 

.40 

1H 

5 

4.15 

35 

10 

.35 

.37 

4X 

3.55 

30 

9X 

.31# 

.33^ 

IT* 

4^     • 

3.24 

28 

9 

.28^ 

.30^ 

1H 

4X 

3 

26 

8^ 

.25 

.26^ 

IX 

4 

2.45 

23 

8 

.22^ 

.24                1A 

3X 

2.21                19 

7^ 

•  19/^ 

.21 

l/^ 

3/^ 

2                     18 

6/^ 

.17^ 

.18^ 

1TV 

3X 

1.77                16.1 

6 

.15 

.16 

1 

3 

1.58               14.1 

5X 

.13 

H 

2#                1.20               11.1 

5X 

.11 

. 

it 

2^                1.03                 9.4 

5 

.09 

. 

X 

2X 

.89                 7.8 

4X 

.08 

•    • 

# 

2 

.62                 5.7 

.07 

9 

IX 

.50                 4.46 

3X 

.06 

% 

.39                 3.39 

3 

.05 

7 

IX 

.30                 2.35 

2^4 

.04^ 

H 

.22                 1.95 

2X 

.03K 

T5* 

1 

.15                 1.42 

2 

5  Strands 

.03 

-39¥ 

H 

.125               1.20 

IX 

02  X 

X 

X 

.09                    .99 

IX 

•  02X 

. 

A 

.063 

.79 

IX 

.02 

A 

1/2 

.04 

.61 

176 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Galvanized   Crucible   Cast   Steel   Yacht   Rigging 
or   Guy   Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6    Strands— 7    Wires    to   the    Strand— 1    Hemp    Core 


Flexible  Galvanized  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Yacht  Rope 

6  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price  per  Foot 

Diameter  in 
Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Circumference 
of  Manila 
Rope  of  Equal 
Strength 

Guy  Rope 

7  Wires  per 
Strand 

Flexible 
Yacht  Rope 
19  Wires  per 
Strand 

$0.47 

$0.50 

IX 

4 

2.45 

42 

13 

.44 

.46                1T\ 

3X 

2.21 

38 

12 

.39^ 

.41#             \Y% 

3/^ 

2 

34 

11 

.35 

.38                1TV 

3X 

1.77 

31 

10 

•  31X 

.34                1 

3 

1.58 

28 

9 

.24^ 

.26X               H 

2X 

1.20 

22 

8/2 

.22 

.23^               if 

2^ 

1.03 

19 

8 

18  l/2. 

.2034-                & 

2X 

.89 

16.8 

7 

!i3x 

•  15X 

£g 

2 

.62 

11.7 

6 

.11 

.13 

T? 

IX 

.50 

9 

5X 

.08M 

.12 

i/2 

IK 

.39 

7 

4X 

.08 

.11  J^ 

15 

\y% 

.34 

6 

4  /4 

.07 

ill 

rV 

IX 

.30 

5 

4X 

.06 

.iox 

H 

.22 

4.2 

3X 

•04X 

.10 

A 

i 

.15 

3.2 

3 

In  ordering,  specify  exact  construction  desired. 


American  Wire  Rope 


177 


Galvanized   Iron   and   Crucible   Cast   Steel 
Running   Rope 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6   Strands— 12    Wires   to   the   Strand— 7   Hemp   Cores 


List  Price  per  Foot 

Approximate 

Approximate  Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000  Pounds 

Diameter  in 

Circumference 

Weight  per 

Inches 

in  Inches 

Foot 

Iron 

Crucible  Cast 
Steel 

in  Pounds 

Iron 

Cast  Steel 

$0.22 

$0.30 

lyV 

3X 

1.18 

10.1 

22.5 

.20 

.27 

1T* 

34 

1.05 

8.7 

19.5 

.17 

.23 

y% 

%H 

.80 

6.9 

15.5 

.14^ 

.20 

it 

2>^ 

.68 

6 

13.5 

.12 

.16^ 

H 

2X 

.59 

5.1 

11.5 

.10 

.14 

H 

2 

.42 

3.6 

8 

.08 

.11 

TS 

1%                  .33 

2.8 

6.5 

.07 

.09 

£ 

.26 

2.2 

5 

.06^ 

.08^               & 

ix 

.20 

1.7 

3.9 

.06 

07^               ^ 

1#                  .14 

1.8 

2.85 

.05^ 

^07 

1 

.10 

.82 

1.98 

In    ordering,    specify  whether   Iron    or    Crucible    Cast   Steel    quality   is 
desired. 


178 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Galvanized   Steel   Hawsers   and   Mooring   Lines 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands  -12  Wires  to  the  Strand— 7  Hemp  Cores 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Size  of  Manila 
Hawsers  of 
Equal  Strength 
Circumference 

$0.78 

2& 

W 

4.43 

83 

.72 

2 

6X 

4.20 

77 

.67 

HI 

6 

3.89 

71 

.62 

HI 

5^ 

3.42 

66 

.57 

i5 

5^ 

3.23 

61 

13.5 

.53 

!H 

5^: 

2.94                    57 

13 

.49 

1^6 

5 

2.76 

53 

12.5 

.44 

1# 

4K 

2.36 

45 

12 

.41 

4^                    2.16 

41 

11.5 

.38 

iH 

4X                    ^ 

38 

11 

.35 

IX 

4 

1.63 

31 

10 

.33 

3^ 

1.47 

28 

9.25 

.31 

ill 

3X 

1.33 

26 

8.75 

For  smaller  sizes,  see  Galvanized  Running  Rope  6  strands,  12  wires  to  the 
strand,  7  hemp  cores. 


American  Wire  Rope 


179 


Galvanized   Steel   Hawsers   and  Mooring   Lines 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands-24  Wires  to  the  Strand— 7  Hemp  Cores 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per 
Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in 
Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 

Size  of  Manila 
Hawsers  of 
Equal  Strength 
Circumference 

$1.22 

2i 

6/>2 

5.81' 

113 

1.14 

2T* 

6^ 

5.51 

106 

1.06 

Hf 

6 

5.09 

98 

1.00 

IT! 

5^ 

4.48 

88 

.93 

IK 

5^ 

4.24 

82 

.86 

iH 

5# 

3.86 

76 

80 

1&$ 

5 

3.63 

74 

.73 

\v 

3.10 

63 

13.5 

.67 
.62 

\i 

4K 

2.92 
2.62 

55 

50 

13.0 
12.0 

.57 
.51 

IX 

4 

2.15 
1.93 

42 
38 

12.0 
11.0 

.45 

ill 

gi/ 

1.75 

34 

10.25 

.40 
.35 

I* 

3X 

1.54 
1.38 

27 
25 

9.25 

8.75 

.29 

% 

2|/ 

1.05 

20 

.25 

13 

2/^i 

.90 

17 

.22 

* 

3X 

.78 

14 

180 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Galvanized   Steel   Deep   Sea   Towing   Hawsers 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
6  Strands— 37  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Hemp  Core 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in  Tons 
of  2000  Pounds 

$1.60 

2^ 

ll/2 

8.82 

188 

1.52 

2JL 

75? 

8.36 

182 

1.44 

2X 

7^g 

8 

171 

1.35 

2/^ 

6^ 

7.06 

155 

1.28 

3yV 

6^ 

6.65 

140 

1.20 

2 

6X 

6.30 

132 

1.12 

lyf 

6 

5.84 

125 

1.05 

113 

5|^ 

5.13 

112 

.98 

1^ 

5X 

4.85 

104 

.91 

1H 

5X 

4.42 

97 

.84 

i# 

5 

4.15 

87 

.77 

i^ 

4X 

3.55 

76 

.71 

i  7 

4^ 

3.24 

72 

.65 

i^i 

4X 

3 

66 

.60 

IX 

4 

2.45 

54 

.54 

l* 

3X 

2.21 

47 

.48 

1/^5 

35^ 

2 

42 

.42 

lyV 

3X 

1.77 

38 

2(7 

1 

3 

1.58 

31.5 

isi 

# 

2^ 

1.20 

26 

.26 

if 

2^ 

1.03 

22 

.23 

2X 

.89 

20 

This  rope  is  only  furnished  galvanized. 


American  Wire  Rope 


181 


Galvanized  Steel  Cables  for  Suspension  Bridges 

Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 
Composed  of  6  Strands,  with  Wire  Center 


Price  per 
Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Circumference 
in  Inches 

Weight  per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Breaking  Stress 
in  Tons  of  2000 
Pounds 
Plow  Steel 

2^ 

8^ 

12.7 

310 

f 

2# 

8X 

11.6 

283 

f 

2^ 

7^ 

10.5 

256 

> 

2^8 

7^ 

9.50 

232 

•       • 

2X 

7>^ 

8.52 

208 

2M 

6^ 

7.60 

185 

, 

2 

6X 

6.73 

164 

t 

IH 

5^ 

5.90 

144 

t 

IX 

5/2 

5.10 

124 

i# 

5 

4.34 

106 

. 

i# 

4X 

3.70 

90 

m 

itf 

4X 

3.10 

75 

• 

IX 

4 

2.57 

62 

We  do  not  build  or  erect  suspension  bridges,  but  are  prepared  to  supply 
cables  fitted  with  special  bridge  sockets  ready  for  attaching  to  anchorage  bolts. 
Further  particulars  and  prices  furnished  upon  application. 


182 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Sash  Cord 


6  Strands— 7  Wires  to  the  Strand— 1  Cotton  Core 


Trade 

List  Price  per  Foot 

Weight  per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate  Breaking  Stress 
in  Pounds 

Number 

in  Inches 

Annealed 
or  Bright 

Galvan- 
ized Iron 

Copper 

Iron 

Copper 

Bright 
Iron 

Annealed 
Iron 

Bright 
Copper 

26 

$0.03 

$0.04 

$0.09 

X 

.101 

.115 

2200 

1650 

1320 

27 

.02^ 

.03X 

.07^ 

A 

.077 

.087 

1800 

1411 

1080 

27^ 

.02X 

.03 

.06 

A 

.056 

.064 

1400 

1100 

840 

28 

.01% 

.02X 

M/2 

tf 

.025 

.029 

550 

425 

350 

28^ 

.01^ 

.02 

.03^ 

A 

.014 

.016 

320 

250 

200 

29 

.01* 

.01* 

.03 

TV 

.006 

.007 

140 

110 

90 

Sash  cord  will  be  made  "  dead  soft  "  unless  specifically  ordered  to  the  con- 
trary. Used  principally  for  window  weights,  bell  cords,  automobile  brakes  and 
whistles.  Three  thirty-seconds  inch  diameter  Galvanized  Sash  Cord  is  used 
on  electric  open-car  curtain  fixtures.  One-sixteenth  inch  Galvanized  Sash 
Cord  is  used  on  steam  car  curtain  fixtures. 


American  Wire   Rope 


183 


Galvanized  High  Strength  Aeroplane  Strand 


Net  Prices  per 
100  Feet 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Number  of 
Wires 

Weight  per  1000  Feet 
in  Pounds 

Breaking  Strength 
in  Pounds 

$3.75 

!T£ 

19 

51.0 

3000 

2.50                        >| 

19 

33.0 

2000 

1.75 

& 

19 

17.0 

1100 

1.50 

A 

19 

8.9 

500 

.75 

7 

23 

125 

Put  up  in  coils  50,  100,  500,  1000  feet  each ;  or  on  5000  or  10,000  feet 
reels. 

For  reliable  strength,  light  weight,  flexibility,  toughness  and  elasticity, 
this  Galvanized  High  Strength  Aeroplane  Strand  is  unrivaled.  This  may  be 
readily  fastened  and  resists  sudden  strains  and  vibration  better  than  a  single 
stay  wire.  The  sizes  most  commonly  used  are  ^-inch  and  ^-inch  diameter. 
The  smaller  sizes,  however,  are  employed  for  light  stays  on  the  elevating  and 
rudder  frames.  Approximately  600  feet  of  strand  is  required  to  properly  guy 
a  biplane,  and  about  250  feet  for  a  monoplane. 


Galvanized  or  Tinned  Flexible  Aeroplane  or 
Motor  Boat  Cord 


Net  Prices  per 
100  Feet 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Construction 

Weight  per  1000  Feet 
in  Pounds 

Breaking  Strength 
in  Pounds 

$5.75 

§' 

19x7 

55.2 

2600 

5.00 

19x7 

38.5 

1800 

4.50 

19x3 

24.5 

1150 

4.00 

& 

12x3 

15.5 

725 

Designed  to  meet  the  demand  for  a  light  weight,  flexible  steel  cord,  with 
a  minimum  amount  of  stretch,  to  connect  the  control  levers  or  wheel  with  the 
flexible  wing  tips,  ailerons,  elevating  planes  and  rudder  on  an  aeroplane,  or 
for  small  motor  boat  steering  cord. 


184 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Galvanized  Mast-arm  or  Arc  Light  Hope 


Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Weight  per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Breaking  Stress 
in  Pounds 

Construction 

$0.07 

Y2 

.335 

4700 

9x7 

.06 

T7fi 

.245 

3400 

9x7 

.05 

H 

.163 

2200 

9x7 

.03^ 

fV 

.107 

1530 

9x4 

.02X 

X 

.077 

1125 

9x4 

Used  for  arc  lights,  mast-arms  or  other  purposes  where  exposed  to  moisture. 
This  rope  is  more  durable  than  manila  rope  and  does  not  shrink. 


Stone  Sawing  Strand 


3  Wires  Twisted  Together 


List  Price 
per  1000  Feet 

Approximate  Diameter 
in  Inches 

Approximate  Gage 
of  Wire 

Approximate  Weight 
per  1000  Feet 

$13.50 

.210 

12 

100 

11.50 

.184 

13 

70 

9.50 

.160 

14 

50 

8.00 

.144 

15 

45 

6.75 

.126 

16 

35 

This  is  suitable  for  sawing  blocks  of  sandstone  or  similar  soft  stone  but 
should  not  be  used  for  marble  or  granite. 


American  Wire  Rope 


is: 


Galvanized   Strand 


7  Steel  Wires    Twisted  into  a  Single    Strand 


Standard  Steel  Strand 
Galvanized  or  Extra  Galvanized 


Diameter  in  Inches 

Seizing  Strand 
Trade  Number 

Approximate 
Weight  per  1000  Feet 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Strength  in  Pounds 

List  Prices  per 
100  Feet 

H 

800 

14000 

$7.25 

t  - 

650 
510 

11000 
8500 

5.75 
4.50 

415 

6500 

3.75 

H 

.- 

295 

5000 

2.75 

6 

210 

3800 

2.25 

X 

125 

2300 

1.75 

F? 

95 

1800 

1.50 

T3ff 

75 

1400 

1.25 

fs 

55 

900 

1.15 

9 

18 

40 

700 

1.10 

% 

19 

32 

500 

1.00 

& 

20 

25 

450 

.90 

A. 

21 
22 

20 
13 

400 
300 

.80 
.70 

This  strand  is  used  chiefly  for  guying  poles  and  smokestacks,  for  sup- 
porting trolley,  wire,  and  for  operating  railroad  signals.  For  overhead 
catenary  construction  of  suspending  trolley  wire,  the  special  grades  of 
strand  are  considered  preferable  because  they  possess  greater  strength  and 
toughness. 

The  last  five  sizes  listed  are  sometimes  called  Galvanized  Seizing  Strand, 
used  for  seizing  or  binding  the  ends  of  wire  rope  and  thimble  splices,  and 
for  tying  rope  into  coils. 


186 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Extra   Galvanized   Special    Strand 

7  Steel  Wires  Twisted  into  a  Single  Strand 


We  manufacture  three  qualities  of  special  grades  of  Extra  Galvanized 
Strand  that  should  meet  all  requirements  for  durability,  strength,  toughness 
and  light  weight. 

Extra  Galvanized  Siemens-Martin  Strand. 

Extra  Galvanized  High  Strength  (Crucible  Steel)  Strand. 

Extra  Galvanized  Extra  High  Strength  (Plow  Steel)  Strand. 

All  three  qualities  are  composed  of  7  wires,  having  the  heaviest  coating 
of  galvanizing  that  will  ensure  the  longest  life. 

Extra  Galvanized  Siemens-Martin  Strand 


Diameter 
in  Inches 

Tensile 
Strength  in 
Pounds 

List  Price 
per  100  Feet 

Minimum 
Elongation 
Per  Cent 
in  10  Inches 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Tensile 
Strength  in 
Pounds 

List  Price 
per  100  Feet 

Minimum 
Elongation 
Per  Cent 
in  10  Inches 

# 

19,000 

$4.35 

10 

X 

3,060 

$1.00 

10 

X 

11,000 

2.80 

10 

T3* 

2,000 

.85 

10 

T7* 

9,000 

2.30 

10 

X 

900 

.55 

10 

^8 

6,800 

1.80 

10 

& 

4,860 

1.48 

10 

A 

4,380 

1.10 

10 

Extra  Galvanized  High  Strength  Strand 


# 

25,000 

$6.25 

6 

9 

¥? 

7,300 

$1.75 

6 

% 

18,000 

3.95 

6 

l/4 

5,100 

1.50 

6 

7 
iff 

15,000 

3.45 

6 

A 

3,300 

1.30 

6 

H 

11,500 

2.70 

6 

H 

1,500 

.80 

6 

A 

8,100 

2.10 

6 

Extra  Galvanized  Extra  High  Strength  Strand 


X 

42,500 

$8.75 

4 

9 

10,900 

$2.10 

4 

yz 

27,000 

5.50 

4 

X 

7,600 

1.90 

4 

7 

22,500 

4.60 

4 

3 

TIT 

4,900 

1.60 

4 

H 

17,250 

3.55 

4 

H 

2,250 

1.05 

4 

A 

12,100 

2.70 

4 

When  either  intermediate  sizes  or  strengths  are  called  for,  if  they  are  exactly  midway 
between  two  sizes  provided  for,  the  average  price  of  the  two  sizes  shall  apply :  otherwise 
the  price  of  the  nearest  size  and  strength  shall  apply. 

\ 


American  Wire  Rope  187 


The  use  of  special  grades  of  Extra  Galvanized  Strand  is  constantly  in- 
creasing. The  principal  uses  to  which  these  special  grades  of  strands  are 
particularly  adapted  are  as  follows  : 

Guy  Strand     Extra  Galvanized  Siemens-Martin  Strand  is  now  frequently  used 
because  of  its   strength  and   uniform  quality,   to  guy   electric 
railway,  telegraph  and  telephone  poles. 

Messenger  Strand  The  heavy  lead  encased  telephone  wire  cables  are  not  in 
themselves  sufficiently  strong,  without  an  unusual  deflec- 
tion, to  safely  withstand  the  strain  incident  to  stringing  those  cables  between 
poles  at  considerable  distances  apart.  It  is  a  common  practice  now  to  stretch 
from  pole  to  pole  with  very  little  sag  y^-inch  diameter  Extra  Galvanized 
Siemens-Martin  Strand,  ^-inch  diameter  or  T7g-inch  diameter  Extra  Galvanized 
High  Strength  Strand,  and  from  this  "messenger  strand,"  so  called,  the  heavy 
telephone  cable  is  suspended  by  means  of  clips,  wire  or  cord  at  short  intervals. 
The  messenger  strand  thus  sustains  most  of  the  stress  due  to  weight  of  cable, 
wind,  or  ice  load.  We  have  mentioned  the  sizes  and  qualities  now  generally 
employed  by  the  largest  telephone  companies.  The  Extra  Galvanized,  Extra 
High  Strength  Strand,  while  affording  the  greatest  strength  for  its  weight,  is 
naturally  stiff  and  springy  and  difficult  to  fasten.  The  common  galvanized 
strand  should  never  be  used  for  messenger  lines  as  it  does  not  possess  the 
requisite  strength  and  uniform  toughness  of  the  special  grades  of  strand. 

Catenary  Method  of  In  the  ordinary  electric  railway  overhead  con- 
Supporting  Trolley  Wire  struction,  the  copper  trolley  wire  dips  and  sags 

between  the  supporting  points,  which  are  oppo- 
site poles  and  from  100  to  125  feet  apart.  The  catenary  method  of  carrying 
the  trolley  wire  consists  of  one  or  more  messenger  strands  stretched  over  the 
center  of  the  tracks.  Every  few  feet  along  this  messenger  strand  are  pendant 
hangers  that  clamp  on  to  the  trolley  wire  and  retain  it  in  a  rigid,  straight, 
horizontal  line,  an  especially  desirable  feature  for  the  operating  of  electric  cars 
at  high  speed.  The  catenary  construction  also  makes  it  possible  to  space 
the  poles  at  greater  distances  apart,  but  this  necessarily  causes  great  tension 
on  the  messenger  strand  and  poles.  The  common  galvanized  strand  is  not 
suitable  for  this  work.  The  selection  of  the  best  size  and  quality  of  strand 
depends  upon  the  length  of  spans,  the  deflection  of  the  messenger  strand,  and 
the  weight  of  the  trolley  wire.  In  general,  however,  for  a  single  messenger 
strand  carrying  a  4/0  copper  trolley  wire,  we  would  recommend  the  following: 

For  spans  125  to  150  feet,  ^6-inch  or  T7^-inch  diameter  Extra  Galvanized 
Siemens-Martin  Strand. 

For  longer  spans  up  to  225  feet,  ^-inch  or  ^-inch  Extra  Galvanized 
High  Strength  Strand. 


188 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


These  two  qualities  have  been  found  the  best  for  catenary  work. 

The  messenger  strand  and  trolley  wire  may  be  made  to  follow  track 
curves  by  increasing  the  number  of  poles  at  the  curve,  but  this  is  obviated  by 
attaching  to  the  hangers  near  the  center  of  the  spans  what  are  known  as 
"  pull-off  "  strands.  Our  J^-inch  or  ^-inch  diameter  Extra  Galvanized  Siemens- 
Martin  Strand  is  usually  employed  for  this  purpose. 

For  reasons  already  explained,  the  poles  should  be  well  guyed,  especially 
at  the  curves,  with  ^-inch  or  T?-,-inch  diameter  extra  galvanized  Siemens- 
Martin  strand. 


Lightning  Arrester  for  In  erecting  the  high  tension  current  transmission 
Transmission  Lines  lines,  which  consist  of  bare  copper  cables  strung  on 

tall  steel  towers,  it  is  customary  to  stretch  between 

the  highest  points  of  the  towers  a  24 -inch  diameter  Extra  Galvanized  Siemens- 
Martin  Strand,  known  as  an  "overhead  ground  strand."  The  purpose  of  this 
is  to  arrest  lightning  and  convey  it  safely  to  the  ground.  The  Extra  Galvanized 
Siemens-Martin  Strand  is  employed  almost  exclusively  because  it  possesses 
greater  conductivity  than  the  other  grades  of  high  strength  strarib. 


Long  Spans  in  High  Tension 
Current     Transmission     Line 


Long  spans  cannot  be  made  with  copper 
cables,  because  copper  has  a  strength  of 
only  65,000  pounds  per  square  inch.  Where 

it  is  necessary  to  cross  rivers,  lakes  or  bays  with  power  transmission  lines, 
the  current  is  conducted  through  an  Extra  Galvanized  Siemens-Martin  Strand 
or  an  Extra  Galvanized  High  Strength  (crucible- steel)  Strand  of  the  size  and 
strength  that  will  show  a  safety  factor  of  at  least  five. 


Properties  of  Special  Cirades  Kxtra  Galvanized 
Special  Strands 


Diameter  of 
Strand 

Number  of 
Wires 

Strength 
S.  M.  Strand 

Strength 
Crucible  Strand 

Strength 
Plow  Strand 

Approximate 
Weight  per  Foot 

in   Inches 

in  Strand 

in  Tons 

in  Tons 

in  Tons 

in  Pounds 

1# 

61 

55 

91.5 

121 

4.75 

1/8 

61 

45.5 

76 

100 

3.95 

IX 

37 

38 

63.5 

85 

3.30 

i# 

37 

32.5 

54 

72 

2.62 

1 

37 

25.5 

43.7 

60 

2.25 

H 

19 

19 

32 

45 

1.70 

X 

19 

14.2 

23.7 

35 

1.25 

H 

19 

10 

16.5 

23.5 

.81 

American  Wire  Rope 


IS!) 


Track  Cable  for  Aerial  Tramways 


19 
Wires 


37 
Wires 


61 
Wires 


91 
Wires 


Crucible  Steel 


Plow  Steel 


i  nameier              ->  uinuer 

in                 of  Wires  in 
Inches                  Strand 

vv  eigm 
per  100  Feet 
in  Pounds 

List  Prices 
per 
100  Feet 

Breaking  Stress 
in  Tons  of 
2UOO  Pounds 

List  Prices 
100  Feet 

Breaking  Stress 
in  Tons  of 
2000  Pounds 

2X 

91 

1310 

$176.00 

285.00 

$246.50 

335.00 

2X    ' 

91 

1036 

137.50 

233.00 

192.50 

266.00 

2}| 

91 

935 

123.25 

204.00 

172.50 

240.00 

2 

61 

840 

115.50 

185.00 

161.75 

218.00 

1ft 

61 

728 

101.50 

161.00           142.00 

189.00 

IX 

61 

659 

87.75 

145.80           122.75 

171.00 

i# 

61 

563               76.00 

124.00           106.50 

146.00 

1% 

37 

488               68.00 

108.40             95.25 

127.50 

i# 

37 

401               53.00 

88.80              74.25 

105.00 

IX 

37 

323               44.25 

71.80             62.00 

84.60 

1% 

37 

270               38.25 

60.00             53.50 

70.70 

1 

19 

220               31.25 

49.20             43.75 

58.00 

# 

19 

169               24.75 

37.60             34.75 

44.40 

% 

19 

124               19.00 

27.60             26.50 

32.50 

H 

19 

86               14.75 

19.20 

20.75 

22.30 

The  importance  of  the  wire  rope  tramway  for  transporting  all  kinds  of 
material  makes  it  expedient  to  insert  the  foregoing  table  of  two  different 
grades  of  track  strand.  This  strand  is  designed  to  give  as  much  flexibility 
as  possible  as  well  as  a  fairly  smooth  surface  for  traveler  wheels  to  run  upon. 
The  plow  steel  quality  affords  the  greatest  strength  with  the  least  weight — a 
very  important  advantage,  especially  in  long  spans.  For  end  fastenings,  see 
page  208. 


190 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Locked   Coil   Track   Cable 

Crucible    Cast    Steel 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter  in 
Inches 

Approximate                    Approximate                   Approximate 
Circumference  in          Weight  per  Foot  in       Breaking  Stress  in 
Inches                               Pounds                Tons  of  2000  Pounds 

11.17 

1# 

5^ 

6.30 

103 

1.00 

1% 

4# 

5.30 

89 

.85 

1# 

*# 

4.40 

75 

.72 

IX 

4 

3.70 

62 

.60 

IX 

3^ 

3.00 

50 

.49 

1 

2.35 

40 

.37 

7/s 

2# 

1.80 

30 

Locked  Coil  Track  Cable,  illustrated  above,  is  a  modification  of  the  Locked 
Wire  Cable  shown  on  the  following  page,  and  differs  from  it  simply  in  the 
fewer  number  of  wires  composing  it.  These  wires,  consequently,  are  of  larger 
diameter.  Hence,  the  Locked  Coil  Track  Cable  is  the  stiffer  of  the  two  kinds, 
but  it  possesses  sufficient  flexibility  to  allow  it  to  be  shipped  in  coils  from  o 
feet  to  6  feet  in  diameter.  Locked  Coil  Track  Cable  is  used  expressly  as  a 
stationary  overhead  cable  for  aerial  tramways.  For  such  purposes  it  is 
superior  in  durability  to  any  other  construction  and  is  used  for  the  Bleichert 
Aerial  Tramways,  manufactured  by  us.  If  a  cheaper  track  cable  than  the 
Locked  Coil  type  is  desired,  the  smooth  coil  cable  shown  on  the  preceding 
page  may  be  used,  but  it  is  not  as  durable  and  its  external  surface  is  not  as 
smooth  for  the  carriage  wheels  that  run  upon  it. 


American  Wire  Rope 


191 


Locked   Wire   Cable 

Crucible  Cast  Steel 


List  Price 
per  Foot 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Circumference 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  per  Foot 
in  Pounds 

Approximate 
Breaking  Stress  in 
Tons  of  2000  Pounds 

$3.00 

2K 

7% 

15.60 

240 

2.20 

2X 

7^ 

12.50 

190 

1.75 

2 

6X 

10.00 

160 

1.35 

1* 

5/2 

7.65 

120 

1.17 

1H 

5/8 

6.60 

103 

1.00 

IK 

4X 

5.70 

89 

.85 

itt 

4X 

4.75 

75 

.72 

IX 

4 

3.80 

62 

.60 

i# 

3^ 

3.15 

50 

.49 

3 

2.50 

40 

.37 

H 

2^ 

1.88 

30 

.27 

% 

2X 

1.30 

22 

.18 

H 

2 

.90 

15.5 

.16 

& 

IK 

.72 

12.5 

.14 

X 

1# 

.57 

10 

This  cable  may  be  used  for  fixed  track  lines  on  overhead  cableways  having 
fixed  spans,  and  because  of  its  very  smooth  external  surface  will  not  wear  out 
the  carriage  wheels  which  run  upon  it.  For  such  use  it  has  no  equal.  This 
cable  is  suitable  only  for  fixed  spans  and  cannot  be  used  for  running  purposes. 
Customers  should  give  full  information  as  to  the  use  to  which  it  is  to  be  put 
and  character  of  the  work.  For  end  fastenings,  see  pages  208-210. 


192 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Hollow   Cable   Clothes    Lines,    Galvanized 


No.    17   Wires     No.  22  Gajie 


.,„,,,„, 


No.  2-9  Wires-No.  22  Gage 


No.  3-12  Wires-No.  22  Gage 


No.  4—11  Wires— No.  2O  Gage 


No.  18—6  Wires— No.  18  Gage 


American  Wire  Rope 


i9:v> 


No.   19— «  Wires— No.    19  Gage 


No.  20—6  Wires— No.  2O  Ga*e 

Prices  quoted  per  dozen  coils. 

Put  up  in  coils  of  50,  75  and  100  feet  and  packed  in  barrels. 


Estimated  Average  Number  of  Dozen  to  Barrel 


Style 

Sizes 

KM)  Feet 

«.K)  Feet 

7")  Feet 

GO  Feet 

;"i()  Feet 

10  Feet 

Hollow 

Cable 
Lines 

fNo.     1 
J  No.    2 
1  No.    3 
[No.    4 

12 
8 
(> 
5 

12 

8 
6 
5 

15 
12 
8 
8 

21 
14 
11 
9 

24 
16 
12 
10 

25 
16 

12 

10 

fNo.  17 

5 

5 

6 

7 

8 

10 

Twisted 

j  No.  18 

2 

6 

t 

2 

10 

12 

Lines 

1  No.  19 
[No.  20 

8 
10 

s 
10 

10 

12 

12 
14 

15 
18 

16 

25 

Solid 

fNo.    S 

W 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Lines 

^  No.    9 

5# 

6 

i 

8 

9 

(One  Wire) 

[NO.  10 

6^ 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Estimated  Average  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Dozen 


Hollow 
Cable 
Lines 

fNo.     1 
j  No.    2 
1  No.    3 
[No.    4 

18 
22 
30 

42 

16 

20 
27 
38 

14 
17 
23 
32 

11 

13 
18 
25 

9 
11 
15 

21 

7 
9 
13 
18 

fNo.  17 

56 

50 

42 

34 

28 

30 

Twisted 

j  No.  18 

46 

41 

35 

27 

24 

24 

Lines 

1  No.  19 

35 

31# 

25 

21 

17 

17 

[No.  20 

25 

22# 

20 

15 

13 

13 

Solid 

(  No.    8  ' 

84 

76 

63 

50 

42 

Lines 

-1  No.     9 

70 

63 

52 

42 

35 

(One  Wire) 

[No.  10 

58 

52 

r  43 

35 

29 

American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Flat  Rope 


American  Wire   Rope 


195 


Flat  Rope 


Flat  Rope  is  composed  of  a  number  of  wire  ropes  called  uflat  rope 
strands,"  of  alternate  right  and  left  lay,  placed  side  by  side,  then  secured  or 
sewed  together  with  soft  Swedish  iron  or  steel  wire,  thus  forming  a  complete 
rope  as  shown  in  the  cut,  usually  of  crucible  steel,  although  it  can  be  made 
of  iron  or  plow  steel,  if  necessary.  The  sewing  or  filling  wires,  being 
so  much  softer  than  the  steel  wires  composing  the  strands  of  the  rope,  act  as  a 
cushion  or  soft  bed  for  the  strands,  and  wear  out  much  faster  than  the  harder 
wires  composing  the  latter.  When  the  sewing  wires  are  worn  out,  the  flat  rope 
can  be  resewed  with  new  wire,  and  if  any  of  the  rope  strands  are  also  worn  or 
damaged,  these  can  be  replaced  by  new  portions.  In  fact,  flat  ropes  admit  of 
being  repaired  by  the  replacing  of  any  worn  or  injured  part.  Strands  of  any 
kind,  size  or  quality  can  be  furnished.  A  large  stock  of  Swedish  iron  sewing 
wire  is  carried  in  warehouse,  which  can  be  furnished  to  repair  or  sew  flat  rope 
at  the  mine. 

Flat  Rope  is  used  principally  for  hoisting  purposes.  When  large  and  long 
rope  is  used  in  hoisting  heavy  loads  out  of  deep  shafts,  round  rope  requires 
large  and  heavy  drums  on  which  to  wind,  while  flat  rope,  winding  on  itself, 
needs  a  reel  but  little  wider  than  the  width  of  the  rope.  When  space  for  machinery 
is  an  object,  the  advantage  of  using  the  style  of  rope  requiring  the  smallest 


I '-Hi  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

reel  is  obvious.  Furthermore,  flat  rope  does  not  spin  or  twist  in  the  shaft. 
Flat  rope  can  be  furnished  from  1^  inches  to  8  inches  in  width,  and  from 
Y^  inch  to  7/6  inch  in  thickness,  the  length  varying  from  20  to  3,000  feet. 

Flat  Rope 

Flat  Rope  is  particularly  applicable  to  the  operating  of  spouts  on  coal  and 
ore  docks,  also  for  raising  and  lowering  of  emergency  gates  on  canals  and 
similar  machinery,  giving  long  and  satisfactory  service.  Its  compact  form 
combines  the  desirable  features  of  flexibility  and  great  strength,  thus  making 
possible  the  use  of  simple  and  compact  hoisting  machinery.  Flat  rope  will 
wind  on  a  drum  of  small  diameter,  as  shown  on  page  1S)7. 

We  recommend  the  use  of  either  a  closed  or  an  open  socket  for  fastening 
the  outer  end  of  the  rope,  as  shown  on  page  210.  If  desired,  a  thimble  can  be 
sewed  into  the  end  of  a  flat  rope  but  it  will  not  give  the  full  strength  of  the 
rope,  as  shown  in  the  tables.  The  socket,  on  the  other  hand,  can  be  depended 
upon  to  give  the  strength  shown  in  the  tables  of  strength. 

For  attaching  to  the  drum  of  a  hoisting  machine  three  methods  are  in 
vogue,  viz :  First.  Where  the  drum  is  large  so  that  the  rope  can  be  brought 
inside,  it  may  be  attached  by  clamps  around  a  pin  or  spoke.  This  method  is 
the  least  desirable.  Second.  A  small  loop  can  be  sewed  into  the  end  of  the 
rope  and  fastened  to  the  drum  by  means  of  a  pin.  Third.  A  tapered  hole, 
wedge-shaped,  cast  in  the  drum  when  it  is  made,  so  that  rope  may  be  socketed 
directly  to  the  drum.  We  recommend  this  third  method  as  the  safest,  strongest 
and  simplest  method  that  can  be  devised,  as  it  requires  only  a  quarter  of  one 
lap,  compared  with  a  lap  and  a  half  for  the  No.  2  method. 

We  can  furnish  details  on  application  regarding  No.  3  method  to  those 
desiring  to  purchase  this  type  of  rope. 

Flat  ropes  are  usually  made  single  stitching,  using  eight  sewing  wires. 
More  wires  can  be  used,  but  we  do  not  recommend  the  use  of  over  ten  or 
twelve  sewing  wires.  The  number  of  sewing  wires  is  dependent  upon  the  size 
of  wire  used  in  sewing.  Double  sewing  is  sometimes  used  but  it  increases 
the  thickness  of  the  rope  over  single  sewing  and  is  undesirable  for  that 
reason.  Its  use  is  not  recommended  as  it  frequently  gives  trouble. 

We  have  expert  flat  rope  sewers  constantly  in  our  employ  and  can  make 
up  any  of  the  sizes  listed  at  short  notice. 

The  widths  given  for  flat  ropes  are  nominal,  i.  <?.,  in  some  cases  ^  inch 
over  or  y%  inch  under  the  figures,  due  to  the  construction.  For  example,  a 
half-inch  thickness  of  rope  means  that  approximately  ^  inch  is  added  to  the 
width  by  the  insertion  of  one  rope  strand  so  that  widths  cannot  be  changed 
except  by  regular  steps  or  multiples  of  the  diameter  of  a  single  rope  strand. 
If  space  or  clearance  is  small,  customers  should  so  state  on  their  order,  giving 
maximum  permissible  width  for  the  rope,  which  can  then  be  made  to  the 
nearest  corresponding  width. 


American  Wire  Rope 


197 


I  )rums  and  sheaves  for  fiat  rope  should,  of  course,  be  as  large  as  possible, 
particularly  for  mine  hoisting  work.  A  good  rule  is  to  have  the  diameter 
of  the  drum  at  the  bottom  ascertained  by  the  following  rule : 

D  =  ct 

D  =  diameter  of  drum  at  bottom  in  feet, 
t  =  thickness  of  flat  rope  in  inches. 

c  —  constant  value,  c  =  100  for  drum  diameter.  c=  1GO  for  sheave 
diameter. 

For  short  flat  ropes,  drums  are  usually  made  smaller  as  follows  : 


Thickness  of 

Diameter  of  Drum 

Diameter  of  Sheave 

Flat  Rope 

at  Bottom,  Inches 

Inches 

X 

6 

12 

ft 

7X 
9 

15 
18 

X 

12 

24 

* 

15 

30 

X 

18 

36 

% 

21 

42 

Sheaves  should  be  slightly  crowned  in  the  center  and  have  good  deep 
flanges  to  guide  the  rope. 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Flat  Rope 

Crucible  Steel— Plow  Steel 


List  Price  per 
Pound 

Width  and 
Thickness  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight 
per  Foot  in 
Pounds 

Crucible  Steel 

Plow  Steel 

Approximate 
Breaking 
Stress  in  Tons 
of  '2000  Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  200J 
Pounds 

Approximate 
Breaking 
Stress  in  Tons 
of  sMX  MI  Pounds 

Proper  Work- 
ing Load  in 
Tons  of  2UOO 
Pounds 

Thick 


•  ,  •     • 

l/4    Xltf 

V4  x2 

^x2^ 
•\i  x3 

0.65 

.82 
1.06 
1.23 

13 
17 

22 
26 

2.6 
3.4 
4.4 
5.2 

15.5 
20 
26.5 
31 

3.10 
4.00 
5.30 
6:20 

t6B-Inch   Thick 

.        .        . 

A  x  IX 
35Sx2 
A  x  2^ 
f,x3 
A*8# 
Ax4 

0.79 
1.10 
1.35 
1.60 
1.88 
2.15 

18 
23 
30 
36 
41 
48 

3.6 
4.6 
6.0 

7.2 
8.2 
9.6 

22 
28 
35 
43 
50 
57 

4.4 
5.6 

7.0 
8.6 
10.0 
11.4 

%-Inch   Thick 

.       .       „ 

/8x2 
3/s  *21A 
/8x3 
^x3^ 
^x4 
2£x4^ 
^8x5 

y%  x  5^ 

Xsx6 

1.30 
1.70 
1.89 
2.30 
2.43 
2.85 
3.10 
3.50 
3.73 

27 
36 
41 
50 
54 
63 
68 
77 
81 

5.4 

7.2 
8.2 
10.0 
10.8 
12.6 
18.6 
15.4 
16.2 

33 

43 
49 
60 
65 
76 
81 
92 
97 

6.6 

8.6 
9.8 
12.0 
13.0 
15.2 
16.2 
18.4 
19.4 

%-Inch   Thick 


^  x2X 

2.20 

45 

9.0 

54 

10.8 

y*  x3 

2.50 

52 

10.4 

63 

12.6 

Xx3^ 

2.80 

60 

12.0 

72 

14.4 

. 

YT.  x4 

3.15 

69 

13.8 

82 

16.4 

^  x4^ 

3.85 

83 

16.6 

99 

19.8 

y*  x  s 

4.20 

90 

18.0 

108 

21.6 

Kx5^ 

4.55 

98 

19.6 

118 

23.6 

. 

]/2    XG 

4.90 

105 

21.0 

126 

25.2 

K  x7 

5.90 

128 

25.6 

153 

30.6 

^8-Inch  Thick 


#  x3>^ 

3.50 

68 

13.6 

79 

15.8 

#  x4 

4.00 

79 

15.8 

92 

18.4 

#  x  4;^ 

4.55 

91 

18.2 

105 

21.0 

5/8   X5 

5.10 

102 

20.4 

119 

23.8 

ft    X5/2 

5.65 

114 

22.8 

132 

26.4 

%  x6 

6.15 

125 

25.0 

145 

29.0 

ft  x7 

7.30 

148 

29.6 

171 

34.2 

. 

#  x8 

8.40 

170 

34.0 

197 

39.4 

%-Inch   Thick 


.    .    . 

|^x5 

3^X6 

%  x7 
^  x8 

6.85 
7.50 
8.25 
19.75 

135 
151 

168 

202 

27.0 
30.2 
33.6 
40.4 

157 
175 
194 
234 

31.4 
35.0 

38.8 
46.8 

%-Inch   Thick 

.        .       . 

H  x5 

H  x6 

^x7 
H  x8 

7.50 
8.53 
9.56 
10.60 

155                31.0 
180                36.0 
203                40.6 
225                45.0 

177 
209 
233 

258 

34.4 
41.8 
46.6 
51.6 

American  Wire  Rope  199 


A.   S.   &   W.   Shield  Filler 

This  Shield  Filler  has  been  compounded  to  meet  the  demand  for  a  first 
class  lubricant  of  moderate  cost,  which  should  be  suitable  for  as  many  wire 
rope  conditions  as  possible.  It  is  particularly  recommended  for  mine  hoists 
and  haulage  systems,  coal  dock  haulage  roads,  dredge  ropes,  logging  ropes, 
steam  shovel  ropes,  oil  well  drilling  ropes,  quarry  ropes,  and,  in  fact,  any  rope 
where  a  heavy  lubricant  is  desirable. 

A.  S.  &  W.  Shield  Filler  adheres  very  tenaciously  to  a  wire  rope  and 
may  be  applied  without  any  difficulty  to  a  rope  that  has  already  had  a  coating 
of  grease.  It  has  a  high  drip  point  and  is  a  flexible  compound  at  low 
temperatures.  Tests  on  mine  ropes  subjected  to  bad  acid  mine  water  have 
proven  conclusively  that  it  will  protect  such  ropes  as  completely  as  possible 
from  the  corrosive  action  of  such  water,  and  thus  prolong  the  rope  service. 
It  does  not  dry  up  quickly  and  flake  off,  like  many  compounds,  but  retains  to 
a  marked  degree  the  elasticity  necessary  for  a  rope  lubricant. 

Application  of  this  lubricant  is  readily  made  by  passing  a  rope  slowly 
through  a  small  tank  which  is  filled  with  hot  compound  and  arranging  a  wiper 
to  take  off  any  excess  of  compound.  In  order  to  heat  the  compound  for 
application,  a  steam  coil  may  be  used,  or,  for  small  amounts,  the  cans  may  be 
heated  by  putting  into  hot  water  until  contents  are  warmed  clear  through.  If 
heat  is  not  available,  the  Shield  Filler  can  be  applied  without  warming,  but  it 
will  flow  better  when  hot. 

For  convenience,  this  material  is  furnished  in  2,  5  and  10-gallon  cans  or 
about  50-gallort  barrels. 

List    Prices  for   A.  S.  &  W.  Shield   Filler 

2-gallon  cans  .          .         .          .                   $8 . 00  per  can 

5-gallon  cans 6 . 50  per  can 

10-gallon  cans 12. 00  per  can 

50-gallon  barrels  ...........  .11  per  pound 


-00  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

Chapter  X 

Special  Equipment 

List  Prices  of  Wire  Rope  Fittings  and  Methods 
ol  Attachment 

Issued  Jan.   1.   1913.      Subject  to  Change  Without  Notice 

These  various  methods  of  attachment  in 
common  use,  together  with  the  necessary 
fittings,  will  be  taken  up  in  the  following 
order : 

Paie 

1  Thimbles    or    Eyes,    Regular    or    Extra    Large, 

Spliced  in  End  of  Rope 2O2 

2  Crosby  Clips  and  Thimbles 2O4 

3  Clamps,  Regular  and  Strand,  for  Making  Loops  2O5 

4  Closed  Socket  Fastened  to  End  of  Rope     .         .  2O6 

5  Open  Socket  Fastened  to  End  of  Rope         .         .  2O7 

6  Bridge  Socket,  Closed  Type     ....  2O8 

7  Bridge  Socket,  Open  Type 2O9 

8  Step  Socket 21O 

9  Socket  with  Chain 211 

10  Flat  Rope  Sockets 21O 

1 1  Swivel  Hook  and  Thimble,  Loose  and  Spliced  In  211 

12  Swivel  Hook  and  Socket 212 

13  Socket  and  Hook,  Loose  and  Attached        .         .  213 

14  Hook  and  Thimble,  Loose  and  Spliced  In           .  214 

15  Sister  Hook  and  Thimble,  Loose  and  Spliced  In  315 

16  Single  Locomotive  Switching  Ropes    .         .         .  216 

17  Double  Locomotive  Switching  Ropes             .         .  217 

18  Wrecking  Ropes,  Single  Fittings            .         .         .  218 

19  Wrecking  Ropes,   Double  Fittings           .         .         .  219 

20  Turnbuckles           - 22O 

21  Shackles 222 

22  Wire  Rope  Blocks 223 

23  Wire  Rope  Sheaves 225 

24  Endless  Rope  Splicing 226 

25  Wire  Rope  Slings 227 

26  Drawing-in  Cables 229 

27  Wire  Rope  Splicing 23O 


American  Wire  Rope  201 


Chapter  X 

Special  Equipment 

Wire  Rope  Fittings  and  For  the  proper  fastening  of  wire  ropes  to  different 
Methods  of  Attachment  kinds  of  apparatus  and  machinery  there  have 

been  developed  various  methods  which  can  be 
successfully  used. 

There  are  some  types  of  fastenings  which  can  be  made  by  anyone,  but 
there  are  others  which  require  a  certain  amount  of  skill  to  make  them  advan- 
tageously. As  a  general  rule,  a  factory-made  fastening  may  be  depended 
upon  to  give  the  best  results.  We  have  a  large  force  of  skilled  workmen 
constantly  employed  and  are  prepared  to  do  all  kinds  of  splicing  and  attaching 
of  rope  fittings  at  reasonable  rates.  Customers  will  find  it  to  their  advantage 
to  have  such  work  done  at  our  factory  where  our  complete  equipment  enables 
us  to  handle  it  promptly  as  well  as  at  a  reasonable  price. 

The  successful  use  of  wire  rope  frequently  depends  upon  the  proper  selec- 
tion of  the  right  kind  of  fitting  or  end  fastening,  and  in  the  succeeding  pages 
will  be  found  illustrations  of  a  large  variety  of  fittings  for  different  purposes. 
It  is  possible  by  a  proper  combination  of  them  to  accomplish  any  desired 
result  for  rapid  and  economical  operation.  Each  represents  the  best  of  its 
type  in  general  design,  being  compact,  strong  and  universal  in  scope  and 
adaptation. 

For  example : 

Two  ropes  may  be  joined  together  in  any  one  of  the  following  ways : 

First.  Closed  socket  on  one  rope  and  open  socket  on  other,  the  pin  on 
the  open  socket  passing  through  the  loop  of  the  closed  socket. 

Second.  An  open  socket  on  one  rope  and  a  thimble  spliced  in  the  other 
rope  are  quickly  connected  by  passing  the  pin  of  the  closed  socket  through 
the  eye  of  the  thimble. 

Third.  A  shackle,  page  222,  may  be  used  to  connect  any  two  ropes 
equipped  in  the  following  manner  by  removing  the  pin  and  putting  the  shackle 
through  the  fittings  and  reinserting  the  shackle  pin. 

A.  Two  ropes  with  open  sockets,  page  207,  on  mating  ends. 

B.  Two  ropes  with  closed  sockets,  page  206,  on  mating  ends. 

C.  Two  ropes  with  thimbles  spliced,  page  203,  on  mating  ends. 

D.  Two  ropes  with  thimbles  and  links  spliced  on  mating  ends. 
Fourth.     Turnbuckles  of  one  of  the  styles  shown  on  page  221  are  usually 

used  to  take  up  the  slack  on  derrick  guys,  ships'  rigging  and  other  places  where 
such  slack  would  be  objectionable.  They  are  made  with  all  styles  of  ends  so 
as  to  make  a  quick  and  secure  fastening  to  a  rope  equipped  with  a  thimble, 
open  or  closed  socket  fastening. 


202 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Fifth.  Swivel  hook  and  thimble,  page  211,  allows  the  turning  of  a  rope 
under  load  to  avoid  kinking. 

Sixth.  Regular  sockets,  pages  206  and  207,  are  used  on  smaller  ropes, 
but  for  very  large  ropes  on  cableways  and  bridges  it  is  customary  to  use  the 
bridge  sockets,  pages  208  and  200. 

In  addition  to  the  fittings  shown  herein,  we  are  prepared  to  make  and 
attach  to  wire  ropes  any  practical  design  of  fitting  required  by  special  work. 

Prices  on  such  fittings  and  attaching  them  to  rope  will  be  furnished  upon 
application  to  nearest  Sales  Office. 

Galvanized  Oval  Thimbles 


Regular 


Extra  Large 


Diameter 

Diameter 

List  Price 
in  Cents 

Size 
Thimble 
Width  of 

Circumfer- 
ence of 

of  Pin  that 
may  be 
inserted  in 

of  Pin  that 
may  be 
inserted  in 

Length 
Inside 
in  Inches 

Length 
Inside 
in  Inches 

Approxi- 
mate Weight 
in   Pounds 

Approxi- 
mate Weight 
in  Pounds 

Each 

vScore 
in  Inches 

Rope 
in  Inches 

Regular 
Thimble 

Extra  Large 
Thimble 

Regular 

Thimble 

Extra  Large 
Thimble 

Regular 
Thimble 

Extra  Large 
Thimble 

in  Inches 

in  Inches 

50 

1/4 

4X 

2A 

3^ 

4X 

1.80 

2.20 

42 

1/8 

2yff 

2"H 

3^ 

4X 

1.40 

2.00 

33 

IX 

44 

2/8 

^yi 

3X 

4f^ 

1.05 

1.50 

25 
20 

1* 

3  2 

iff 

2ft 

0^8 

4X 

.90 
.60 

1.20 

.85 

16 

7A 

2X 

IT^ 

2 

2^ 

3^ 

.44 

.75 

15 

2X 

lyV 

IX 

2^ 

3^ 

.37 

.50 

13 

^ 

2 

IX 

IT'* 

2/^ 

2^ 

.22 

.30 

12 

TG 

IX 

2 

. 

.13 

11 

\ 

1/5 

iA 

.    .    . 

1# 

.    .    . 

.13 

10 

TV 

IX 

1 

IX 

.09 

9 

M 

H 

.06 

8 
8 

$ 

1 

X 

•    •    • 

1/8 

.    .    . 

.05 
.03 

Our  Galvanized  Oval  Thimbles  are  heavily  coated  with  zinc. 


American  Wire  Rope 


Galvanized  Thimble  Spliced  Into  Rope 


Diameter  of 
Rope  in  Inches 

Circumference  of 
Rope  in  Inches 

List  Prices 
Complete  for  Steel  Rope 

List  Prices 
Complete  for  Iron  Rope 

1# 

4X 

$6.50 

$6.00 

\y% 

4X 

5.75 

5.25 

l* 

4 

4.70 

4.35 

3^ 

3.90 

3.65 

i  '" 

3 

3.00 

2.85 

% 

2X 

2.55 

2.40 

X 

2X 

2.00 

1.85 

H 

2 

1.55 

1.45 

»_ 

14/ 

1.30 

1.20 

^ 

1^ 

1.25 

1.15 

If 

IX 

1.20 

1.10 

1.15 

1.05 

T\ 

1 

1.10 

1.00 

X 

X 

1.10 

1.00 

We  secure  all  of  the  thimbles  to  the  ropes  with  four  tucks  of  each  strand. 
The  seizing  is  not  used  for  strength  purposes,  as  it  serves  solely  to  make  a 
finished  rope  end  -and  protect  the  hands  of  operators  from  injury  when  hand- 
ling it. 


204 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Crosby  Wire   Rope   Clips 

Galvanized 


Size  Clip 
Corresponding 
to  Rope 
Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Price 
Each 

Approximate 
Weight 
Each 
in  Pounds 

Size  Clip 
Corresponding 
to  Rope 
Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Price 
Each 

Approximate 
Weight 
Each 
in  Pounds 

2^ 

$11.50 

1 

$0.85 

3.00 

2X 

9.50 

# 

.75 

2.00 

2 

7.50 

X 

.65 

1.75 

1% 

5.50 

# 

.55 

.87 

1H 

3.50 

X 

.45 

.75 

1/2 

1.50 

5.75 

7 
TB" 

.45 

.37 

IX 

1.25 

5.75 

3/* 

.40 

.37 

IX 

1.10 

3.75 

T5* 

.35 

.25 

1# 

.95 

3.75 

X 

.35 

.25 

Clips  are  not  recommended  as  permanent  fastening  on  hoisting  ropes. 
They  are  easily  applied  and  taken  off,  requiring  no  special  skill,  as  in  the  case 
of  thimbles  spliced  in  or  sockets  attached.  Care  should  be  taken  to  see  that 
the  U-bolt  bears  on  the  short  end  of  the  rope  so  that  the  flat  base  of  clip  rests 
on  the  tension  side  of  the  rope,  otherwise  rope  will  be  injured  by  putting  a 
crimp  into  the  tension  side  of  rope.  Not  fewer  than  2  clips  to  be  used  and 
preferably  4  to  6,  particularly  on  large  sizes  of  rope. 


American  Wire  Rope 


205 


Wire  Rope  Clamps 


Extra   ll«-a> 


List  Price 
Each      * 

Size  Clamp  and 
Diameter  of  Rope 
in  Inches 

Circumference  of 
Rope  in  Inches 

List  Price 
Each 

Si/.e  Clamp  and 
Diameter  of  Rope 
in   Inches 

Circumference  of 
Rope  in  Inches 

$13.75 

2X 

7/8 

:        $1.75 

1 

3 

8.50 

2 

6X 

1.30 

n 

2^ 

5.50 

IX 

1.15 

18 
Tff 

2% 

5.00 

1^5 

5 

1.05 

£ 

2X 

3.80 

ITS 

4^ 

.90 

2 

2.50 

IX 

4 

.60 

& 

1¥ 

2.25 

1-j^f 

^X 

.60 

/4 

l/^ 

1.90 

l/^ 

3j^ 

.45 

A 

IX 

1.90 

1TV 

3X 

.30 

T^ 

(     1 

Clamps  are  not  recommended  for  permanent  fastenings.  From  2  to  6  clamps  should 
be  used  for  one  end  fastening.  Alternate  clamps  and  Crosby  Clips  are  better  than  all 
clamps,  but  for  permanent  work  sockets  are  preferable  to  either.  See  pages  206  to  210. 

Galvanized  Three-bolt  Telephone  Clamp 


This  is  known  as  the  standard  A.  T.  &  T.  Co.  hot  galvanized  rolled  steel 
strand  clamp  or  guy  clamp;  made  from  open  hearth  bar  steel.  Will  hold  any 
size  of  strand  from  ^  inch  to  ^  inch  diameter. 

Prices  on  application. 


20(> 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Closed   Sockets 

For  Use  with  Either  Steel  or  Iron  Rope 


Size 
Socket  and 
Diameter 
of  Rope  in 
Inches 

Circum- 
ference of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

List  Price  for  Steel  or 
Iron  Rope 

Diameter 
of  Pin  that 
may  be 
inserted  in 
Socket  Loop 
in  Inches 

Length  of 
Basket 
in  Inches 

Length 
Over  All 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  in 
in  Pounds 

Loose 

Fastened 

2X 

1/8 

$21.00 

$32.00 

2 

6X 

16.00 

25.50 

1# 

5/2 

13.00 

21.00 

1# 

5 

12.00 

18.00 

IX 

4X 

6.80 

11.80 

3# 

5K 

12# 

18.25 

1/8 

4X 

6.00 

10.25 

2X 

5 

11^ 

10.00 

IX 

4 

4.50 

8.00 

2X 

5 

11^ 

12.75 

1# 

3X 

3.30 

6.15 

2X 

.  4K 

10^ 

10.50 

1 

3 

2.40 

4.65 

2X 

4X 

iox 

8.75 

# 

2X 

1.85 

3.85 

2 

4 

9X 

6.00 

¥ 

2X 

1.65 

3.15 

IX 

3>/8 

8 

3.75 

# 

2 

1.35 

2.65 

IX 

3 

6# 

2.25 

A 

IX 

1.10 

2.35 

1A 

2X 

6 

1.85 

X 

IK 

1.10 

2.25 

1  « 

*T* 

2X 

6 

1.50 

A 

IX 

.85 

2.00 

1H 

2X 

5X 

1.25 

tf 

Itf 

.85 

1.85 

W 

2X 

5X 

.87' 

A 

1 

.70 

1.60 

if 

1^ 

3X 

.65 

X 

X 

.70 

1.60 

if 

1^ 

3X 

.44 

As  we  attach  them  they  are  the  strongest  rope  fastenings  made,  utilizing 
the  full  published  strength  of  the  ropes.  All  standard  type  sockets  are  drop 
forged  weldless  and  stronger  than  any  rope  that  may  be  inserted  in  them. 
Sockets  of  special  dimensions  take  special  prices. 


American  Wire  Rope 


'207 


Open  Sockets 

For  Use  with  Either  Steel  or  Iron  Rope 


Size 
Socket  and 
Diameter 
of  Rope  in 
Inches 

Circum- 
ference of 
Rope  in 
Inches 

List  Price  for  Steel 
or  Iron  Rope 

Width 
Between 
Jaws 
in  Inches 

Diam- 
eter of 
Pin  in 
Inches 

Length  of 
Basket 
in  Inches 

Length 
Over  All 
in  Indies 

Approximate 
Weight 
in  Pounds 

Loose 

Fastened 

2X 

7^ 

$23.00 

$34.00 

3X 

4 

9X 

22 

120 

2' 

6X 

16.50 

26.00 

8X 

8X 

20 

98 

IX 

15.50 

23.50  i      2X 

3X 

16X 

66 

IX 

5  * 

18.00 

19.00  j       2T7fi 

2X 

§y% 

13# 

45 

4X 

8.00 

13.00 

3iV 

2X 

5^ 

13 

30 

IX 

4X 

7.50 

11.75  1      2l/8 

\7/8 

5 

UK 

24 

IX 

4 

6.10 

9.60  |       2/s 

1  7/K 

5 

18.5 

IX 

3/^ 

4.50 

7.35         1# 

\fa 

4^ 

10  2 

15.5 

1 

3 

3.15 

5.40         1% 

1^6 

4/^ 

10 

12.75 

7/8 

2X 

2.50 

4.50 

Ir9ff 

IX 

4 

8^ 

8.00 

X 

2X 

2.10 

3.60 

1* 

IX 

3^ 

7^ 

5.25 

X 

2 

1.65 

2.95 

1 

3 

6X 

3.87 

IX 

1.35 

2.60 

t§ 

^ 

2X 

6 

3.00 

? 

1.35 

2.50 

t* 

^ 

2X 

6 

2.25 

IX 

1.00 

2.15 

X 

2/^ 

5y2 

1.75 

x 

IX 

1.00 

2.00 

H 

X 

2/^ 

5K 

1.25 

1 

X 

.85 
.85 

1 

X 

iH 

s| 

.95 
.62 

As  we  attach  them  they  are  the  strongest  rope  fastenings  made,  utilizing 
the  full  published  strength  of  the  ropes.  All  standard  type  sockets  are  drop 
forged  weldless  and  stronger  than  any  rope  that  may  be  inserted  in  them. 
Sockets  of  special  dimensions  take  special  prices. 


208 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Bridge   Sockets 

Closed  Type 


List  Price  Each 

Size  and 
Diameter 
of  Rope 
in  Inches 

Diameter 
in  Inches 
of  U-bolts 

Center 
to  Center 
of  Bolt 
Holes 

Thickness 
or  Depth 
of  Socket 
in  Inches 

Outside 
Length 
of  Socket 
in  Inches 

Length 
from  Pull 
of  U-bolt 
to  End  of 
Bolts 

Take-up 
in  Inches 

Approx. 
Weight 
in  Pounds 

Fastened 

Loose 

$106.70 

$82.85 

2% 

3X 

12 

12 

19 

42 

18 

589 

89.30 

68.75 

2/4 

34 

a/4 

11 

17V 

42 

18 

485 

69.90 

53.80 

2/4- 

2% 

iox 

10 

16X 

40 

18 

378 

53.60 

41.25 

2 

9/^5 

9 

15 

38 

18 

290 

40.70 

31.30 

IK 

2X 

s*A 

8 

13^ 

36 

18 

218 

31.25 

24.05 

IH 

2 

8 

7X 

12/2 

32 

15 

170 

26.50 

20.50 

1/2 

1% 

7V. 

7 

12 

31 

15 

144 

22.00 

16.90 

IV 

7/4 

6/4 

11/4 

28 

12 

119 

15.75 

12.15 

IX 

i* 

11/4 

6 

10* 

27 

12 

87 

These  sockets  are  constructed  throughout  of  steel  and  are  suitable  for 
attaching  to  the  galvanized  bridge  cables  shown  on  page  181,  and  may  also 
be  used  on  the  locked  tramway  and  cable  way  strand  shown  on  pages  190  and 
191,  or  any  rope  that  corresponds  in  size  to  the  opening.  These  fittings 
develop  the  full  strength  of  the  rope  when  properly  attached. 


American  Wire  Rope 


209 


Bridge  Sockets 

Open  Type 




Length 

List  Price  Each 

Size  and 
Diameter 
of  Rope 
in  Inches 

Diameter 
n  Inches 
of 
Eye-bolts 

Center 
to 
Center 
of  Holt 
Holes  in 
Inches 

Thick- 
ness or 
Depth  of 
Socket 
in 
Inches 

Size 
Eye  in 
Inches 

Outside 
Length 
of 
Socket 
in 
Inches 

from 
Center 
of  Eye- 
bolt  to 
End  of 
Same  in 

Distance 
Between 
Eye- 
bolts  in 
Inches 

Take-up 

in 
Inches 

Approx. 
Weight 
in 
Pounds 

Fastened 

Loose 

Inches 

$123.75 

$95.25 

23^ 

3X 

12 

12 

5^ 

19 

42 

5 

18 

658 

101.60 

78.15 

2# 

3 

nx 

11 

o 

173^ 

42 

4^ 

18 

538 

80.10 

61.60 

23/ 

K>X 

10 

41^ 

16X 

40 

4 

18 

422 

63.25 

48.65 

•> 

2J-2 

v/4 

9 

4 

15 

38 

*x 

18 

332 

47.60 

35.90 

1% 

2X 

8/2 

8 

3X 

13^ 

36 

3# 

18 

244 

35.40 

27.25 

1^ 

2 

8 

7^ 

3X 

12X 

32 

>x 

15 

188 

30.35 

23.35 

1  V 

1^ 

7V 

7 

3X 

12 

31 

3 

15 

160 

24.70 

19.00 

\'y% 

7/^ 

6/4 

2X 

\\y2 

28 

'2X 

12 

131 

16.25 

12.50 

ix 

IK 

7X 

6 

2X 

10X 

27 

2^ 

12 

89 

The  distance  between  eyes  can  be  varied  to  suit  point  of  service.  These 
sockets  are  made  of  steel  throughout  and  develop  the  full  strength  of  the  rope 
to  which  they  are  attached.  They  may  be  used  with  galvanized  bridge  cables, 
page  181,  locked  tramway  and  cableway  strand,  shown  on  pages  190  and 
191,  or  any  rope  that  corresponds  in  size  to  the  opening. 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Step  Socket 


Made  especially  for  Locked  Wire  Cable,  shown  on  pages   190  and  191, 
Prices  furnished  upon  application. 


Special  Flat  Rope  Sockets 


This  special  steel  socket  has  been  designed  to  meet  the  rigid  require- 
ments of  this  kind  of  rope  fastening.  It  is  made  of  steel  throughout  and  when 
attached  to  a  flat  rope  will  develop  the  full  strength  of  the  rope  (see  pages 
194  to  198).  Full  particulars  as  to  price  and  general  dimensions  for  roue  of  any 
width  and  thickness  will  be  furnished  upon  request. 


American  Wire  Rope 


211 


Hook,    Swivel   and   Thimble 

For  Use  with  Either  Steel  or  Iron  Rope 


Diameter  of 
Rope 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
of  Rope 
in  Inches 

List  Prices  for  Steel  Rope 

List  Prices  for  Iron  Rope 

Loose 

Fastened 

Loose 

Fastened 

IK 

4X 

$27.00 

$32.00 

$22.00 

$27.00 

4  // 

21.00 

25.25 

17.00 

21.25 

IX 

4 

17.00 

20.50 

13.50 

17.00 

3K 

12.00 

14.85 

9.00 

11.85 

1  ' 

3  " 

8.35 

10.60 

5.70 

7.49 

% 

2X 

7.00 

9.00 

4.75 

6.75 

X 

2X 

5.25 

6.75 

4.00 

5.50 

# 

2 

4.60 

5.90 

3.60 

4.90 

l^/ 

3.75 

5.00 

3.00 

4.25 

K 

IK 

3.55 

4.70 

3.00 

4.15 

rV 

IX 

2.85 

4.00 

2.55 

3.70 

3^ 

2.70 

3.70 

2.35 

3.35 

A 

i/8 

2.30 

3.20 

2.00 

2.90 

« 

2.30 

3.20 

2.00 

2.90 

This  hook  swivel  and  thimble  permits  the  load  to  rotate  without  unduly 
untwisting  the  rope. 

Socket  and  Chain 


Made  for  any  size  rope.     Prices  depending  on  length  and  size  of  chain. 


212 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Swivel  Hook  and  Socket 


Diameter  of 
Rope  in  Inches 

Circumference 
of  Rope  in 
Inches 

List  Prices  for  Steel  Rope 

List  Prices  for  Iron  Rope    , 

Loose 

Fastened 

Loose 

Fastened 

1  ^2 

4X 

$35.00 

$40.00 

$30.00 

$35.00 

1^8                      4X 

28.50 

32.75 

24.50 

28.75 

IX 

4 

23.10 

26.60 

19.60 

23.10 

l/^ 

3/^ 

16.50 

19.35 

13.50 

16.35 

1 

3 

11.50 

13.75 

8.85 

11.10 

7A 

2X 

9.50 

11.50 

7.25 

9.25 

X 

7.35 

8.85 

6.10 

7.60 

^ 

2  4 

6.25 

7.55 

5.25 

6.55 

TV 

IX 

5.10 

6.35 

4.35 

5.60 

l/2 

1# 

4.90 

6.05 

4.35 

5.50 

7 
Ttf 

IX 

3.85 

5.00 

3.55 

4.70 

H 

3.70 

4.70 

3.35 

4.35 

T5f 

1 

3.15 

4.05 

2.85 

3.75 

X 

X 

3.15 

4.05 

2.85 

3.75 

American  Wire  Rope 


21:5 


Hook  and  Socket 


For  Use  with  Either  Steel  or  Iron  Rope 


Diameter  of 
Rope 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
of  Rope 
in  Inches 

List  Prices  for  Steel  Rope 

List  Prices  for  Iron  Rope 

Loose 

Fastened 

Loose 

Fastened 

" 

w 

$14.50 

$19.50 

$12.50 

$17.50 

1#                     4X 

12.30 

16.55 

10.25 

14.50 

IX                     4t 

10.00 

13.50 

8.00 

11.50 

8.25 

11.10 

6.25 

9.10 

1  8                     3  2 

6.50 

8.75 

4.60 

6.85 

7A 

2% 

5.25 

7.25 

3.70 

5.70 

X 

2X 

3.85 

5.35 

3.00 

4.50 

H 

2 

2.90 

4.20                  2.30 

3.60 

TK 

1^ 

2.45 

3.70                   2.00 

3.25 

l/2 

iK               2.10 

3.25 

1.95 

3.10 

Tv 

IX                     1-70 

2.85 

1.55 

2.70 

y& 

IX                     1-65                   2.65                   1.50 

2.50 

* 

1 

1.45 
1.45 

2.35 
2.35 

1.25 
1.25 

2.15 
2.15 

These  fittings  may  be  attached  to  any  style  or  construction  of  rope,  but 
they  are  especially  useful  when  attached  to  our  Non-Spinning  Rope,  pages  156 
to  161.  An  open  socket  can  be  supplied,  if  desired,  for  a  slight  advance 
over  above  list  (prices  on  application).  Hooks  are  made  extra  strong  to  equal 
strength  of  rope. 


214 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Hook  and  Thimble 

For   Use    with    Either    Steel    or    Iron    Rope 


Diameter  of 
Rope 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
of  Rope 
in  Inches 

List  Prices  for  Steel  Rope 

List  Prices  for  Iron  Rope 

Loose 

Fastened 

Loose 

Fastened 

1# 

4X 

$7.00 

$13.50 

$5.00 

$11.00 

\y% 

4X 

5.40 

11.15 

3.40 

8.65 

IX 

4 

4.60 

9.20 

2.65 

6.90 

3^2 

4.40 

8.15 

2.40 

5.90 

1  8 

3 

3.75 

6.70 

1.90 

4.65 

7A 

2X 

2.90 

5.35 

1.40 

3.70 

X 

2X 

1.85 

3.75 

1.10 

2.85 

$ 

2 

1.40 

2.85 

.85 

2.20 

A 

IX 

1.10 

2.40 

.75 

1.95 

2 

l/^ 

.80 

2.05 

.65 

1.80 

T* 

IX 

.75 

1.95 

.60 

1.70 

rg 

l/'s 

.70 

1.85 

.55 

1.60 

5 

1 

.65 

1.75 

.50 

1.50 

X 

.65 

1.75 

.50 

1.50 

Used  in  many  places,  such  as  derricks,  cranes,  skidders,  slings,  etc. 


American  Wire  Rope 


Sister  Hooks  and  Thimble 

For  Use  with  Either  Steel  or  Iron  Rope 


Diameter  of 
Rope 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
of  Rope 
in  Inches 

List  Prices  for  Steel  Rope 

List  Prices  for  Iron  Rope 

Loose 

Fastened 

Loose 

Fastened 

1% 

4X 

$7.00 

$13.50 

$5.00 

$11.00 

1# 

4X 

5.40 

11.15 

3.40 

8.65 

IX 

4 

4.60 

9.20 

2.65 

6.90 

11A 

3X 

4.40 

8.15 

2.40 

5.90 

i 

3 

3.75 

6.70 

1.90 

4.65 

H 

2X 

2.90 

5.35 

1.40 

3.70 

X 

2X 

1.85 

3.75 

1.10 

2.85 

tt 

2 

1.40 

2.85 

.85 

2.20 

1* 

IK 

1.10 

2.40 

.75 

1.95 

x 

1# 

.80 

2.05 

.65 

1.80 

TV 

IX 

.75 

1.95 

.60 

1.70 

H 

1# 

.70 

1.85 

.55 

1.60 

A 

1 

.65 

1.75 

.50 

1.50 

X 

X 

.65 

1.75 

.50 

1.50 

Sister  hooks  are  frequently  employed  where  a  rope  has  to  be  quickly 
attached  and  detached  from  a  load  and  at  the  same  time  to  hold  the  load 
locked  in  position  so  long  as  the  rope  is  under  strain.  Illustration  shows  the 
two  parts  of  the  hook  apart  ready  to  attach  load.  Such  devices  are  used 
frequently  for  logging  and  drawing-in  cables.  (See  page  229  for  illustration 
of  latter.) 


216 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Locomotive   Switching,   Wrecking   and   Ballast 
Unloader  Rope 

Single  Fittings 

Hook  and  thimble  in  one  end ;  thimble  and  link  in  other  end. 

To  determine  the  list  price  of  Locomotive  Switching,  Wrecking  and 
Ballast  Unloader  Ropes,  add  to  the  list  price  of  the  length,  size  and  quality  of 
rope  specified  (the  length  to  be  added  being  measured  from  the  bearing  of 
hook  in  one  end  to  the  bearing  of  the  last  link  in  the  other  end)  the  following 
extras  for  fittings  spliced  in: 

List  Prices  for  Fittings  Fastened  to  Ropes 


Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Fittings 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Fittings 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Fittings 

2 

m 

i% 
\%> 

$36.00 
32.00 
25.00 
21.25 

IK 

13A 
IX 
1H 

$17.25 
13.25 
10.00 
9.50 

1 

n 

^and    ) 
smaller    ( 

$7.00 
6.75 

4.00 

Example :  For  30  feet  1  inch  diameter  crucible  cast  steel  switch  rope, 
6  strands,  19  wires  to  the  strand,  single  fittings : 

List  price  for  fittings  spliced  in $7 . 00 

List  price  of  30  feet  1  inch  diameter  cast  steel  rope  at  31  cents  foot     .     9.30 
List  price  complete,  30  feet  single  switch  rope 16.30 

For  convenient  use,  the  list  prices  of  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Switching  and 
Wrecking  Ropes,  complete,  of  different  sizes  and  lengths  are  given  below. 

List  Prices  of  Complete  Locomotive  Switching  Ropes 

Crucible  Cast  Steel 

6  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— One  Hemp  Core 
Single  Fittings 

Hook  and  thimble  in  one  end ;  thimble  and  link  in  the  other  end. 


Length  in 


Diameter  in  Inches 


Feet 

IK 

1^8 

i^ 

1% 

IK 

1/8 

l 

% 

M 

20 

25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 

$43.00 
47.50 
52.00 
56.50 
61.00 
65.50 
70.00 

$36.65 
40.50 
44.35 
48.20 
52.05 
55.90 
59.75 

$30.45 
33.75 
37.05 
40.35 
43.65 
46.95 
50.25 

$24.45 
27.25 
30.05 
32.85 
35.65 
38.45 
41.25 

$19.20 
21.50 
23.80 
26.10 
28.40 
30.70 
33.00 

$17.10 
19.00 
20.90 
22.80 
24.70 
26.60 
28.50 

$13.20 
14.75 
16.30 
17.85 
19.40 
20.95 
22.50 

$11.55 
12.75 
13.95 
15.15 
16.35 
17.55 
18.75 

$  7.80 
8.75 
9.70 
10.65 
11.60 
12.55 
13.50 

Breaking  Strengths  Locomotive  Switching,  Wrecking 
and  Ballast  Unloader  Ropes 

Crucible  Cast  Steel  Rope 

Diameter  of  rope  in  inches       1^      15/&     1>^      1^/8     1^      l/^     I     fa      3A 
Breaking  strain  in  tons       .        85        72       64       56       47       38     30    23    17-5 

Extra  High  Strength  Plow  Steel  Rope 


Diameter  of  rope  in  inches 
Breaking  strain  in  tons       . 


112       94      82 


1^8 
72 


58       47 


1 

38 


American  Wire  Rope  217 


Locomotive    Switching,   Wrecking   or   Ballast    Unloader 

Rope 

Crucible  Cast  Steel  Rope 


Single    Fittings 

Hook  and  thimble  in  one  end;  thimble  and  link  in  other  end 

Extra   High   Strength   Locomotive  Switching,  Wrecking 
or  Ballast  Unloader  Rope 

Plow  Steel  Rope 


Single  Fittings 

Hook  and  thimble  in  one  end;  thimble  and  link  in  other  end 


218 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Locomotive  Switching,  Wrecking  and 
Ballast  Unloader  Rope 

Double  Fittings 

Hook,  thimble  and  link  at  one  end ;  thimble  and  two  links  in  other  end. 

List  Prices  for  Fittings  Spliced  to  Rope 


Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Fittings 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Fittings 

Diameter 
in  Inches 

List  Fittings 

2 

$43.00 
38.00 
30.00 
25.75 

1* 

$21.25 
16.75 
13.00 
12.00 

1 

H 

%  and     { 
smaller    \ 

$9.00 
8.60 

5.50 

Extras  for  Other  Styles 

List  for  thimble  and  two  links  spliced  in  both  ends  is  same  as  for  double, 
List  for  thimble  and  two  links  spliced  in  one  end  is  one-half  oft.  double. 
List  for  thimble  and  two  links  spliced  in  one  end  and  thimble  and  hook 

other  end,  or  thimble  and  link  spliced  in  one  end  and  thimble  link  and  hook 

other  end,  is  half-way  between  single  and  double. 

For  convenient  use,  the  list  prices  of  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Switching  and 
Wrecking  Ropes,  complete,  of  different  sizes  and  lengths  are  given  below. 

List  Prices  ol  Complete  Locomotive  Switching  Ropes 

Crucible  Cast  Steel 

6  Strands— 19  Wires  to  the  Strand— One  Hemp  Core 
Double  Fittings 

Hook,  thimble  and  link  in  one  end;  thimble  and  two  links  in  the  other  end. 


Length  in 
Feet 

Diameter  in  Inches 

1% 

iH 

1% 

1J4 

IK 

1/8 

1 

% 

H 

20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 

$48.00 
52.50 
57.00 
61.50 
66.00 
70.50 
75.00 

$41.15 
45.00 
48.85 
52.70 
56.55 
60.40 
64.25 

$34.45 
37.75 
41.05 
44.35 
47.65 
50.95 
54.25 

$27.95 
30.75 
33.55 
36.35 
39.15 
41.95 
44.75 

$22.20 
24.50 
26.80 
29.10 
31.40 
33.70 
36.00 

$19.60 
21.50 
23.40 
25.30 
27.20 
29.10 
31.00 

$15.20 
16.75 
18.30 
19.85 
21.40 
22.95 
24.50 

$13.30 
14.50 
15.70 
16.90 
18.10 
19.30 
20.50 

$  9.30 
10.25 
11.20 
12.15 
13.10 
14.05 
15.00 

Breaking  Strengths  Locomotive  Switching,  Wrecking 
and  Ballast  Unloader  Rope 

Crucible  Cast  Steel  Rope 

Diameter  of  rope  in  inches      13/£      1^      1^      1^4      1^      1^8      1      • 


Breaking  strain  in  tons       .        85       72       64       56       47       38 
Extra  High  Strength  Plow  Steel  Rope 

Diameter  of  rope  in  inches       1^      l^j      1^2      1^     1#      1/8 
Breaking  strain  in  tons       .       112      94       82       72        58       47 


I    ft  M 

30    23  17.5 


1 

38 


29     23 


American  Wire  Rope  219 


Locomotive   Switching,  Wrecking  and  Ballast  Unloader 

Rope 

Crucible  Cast  Steel  Rope 


Double  Fittings 

Hook,  thimble  and  link  in  one  end;  thimble  and  two  links  in  the  other  end. 

Extra   High   Strength   Locomotive  Switching,  Wrecking 
and  Ballast  Unloader  Rope 

Plow  Steel  Rope 


Heavy  Double  Fittings 

Hook,  thimble  and  link  at  one  end ;  thimble  and  two  links  in  other  end 


220 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Turnbuckles 


Size    ' 

Amount 

Turnbuckle 
and  Outside 
Diameter 
of  Thread 
in  Inches 

Approximate 
Breaking 
Strength 
in  Pounds 

Recom- 
mended 
Working 
Load 
in  Pounds 

of  Take-up 
Length  in 
the  Clear 
Between 
Heads 

Length  of 
Buckle 
Outside 
in  Inches 

Galvanized 
List,  Each 

Plain 
List,  Each 

Length 
Pull  to  Pull 
When 
Extended 
in  Inches 

Approx- 
imate 
Weight 
Each 
in  Pounds 

in  Inches 

X 

1350 

270 

4 

4X 

$0.85 

$0.75 

12 

.40 

2250 

450 

4X 

5X 

.90 

.80 

1;>X 

.60 

9 

3350 

670 

4/^> 

1.10 

.90 

14 

.90 

4650 

930 

5 

6X 

1.25 

1.00 

16/4 

1.31 

ft 

6250 

1250 

6 

7/2 

1.50 

1.30 

18X 

1.87 

& 

8100 

1620 

?x 

9 

.     1.85 

1.70 

23^ 

3.00 

ft 

10000 

2000 

S/2 

10>2 

2.20 

1.80 

24X 

3.69 

X 

15000 

3000 

9X 

11* 

3.25 

2.50 

5.81 

Y* 

21000 

4200 

10 

5.00 

4.25 

30>J 

8.81 

i 

27500 

5500 

11 

14  4 

5.50 

4.75 

33 

.  12.56 

iy& 

34500 

•6900 

12 

15K 

7.00 

5.25 

39 

17.00 

IX 

44500 

8900 

13 

16* 

8.25 

6.25 

40 

25.00 

52500 

10500 

14 

18 

9.50 

7.50 

50 

36.00 

1/4 

64500 

12900 

15 

1Q/4 

11.00 

9.00 

51 

40.00 

1ft 

75500 

15100 

16 

21 

15.00 

13.00 

51^ 

48.00 

1% 

87000 

17400 

18 

23 

20.00 

17.00 

551A 

52.00 

lj% 

102500 

20500 

18 

23 

25.00 

22.00 

66 

89.00 

2 

115000 

23000 

24 

31 

28.00 

25.00 

74 

98.00 

2//6 

132500 

26500 

24 

31 

33.50 

30.50 

^ 

. 

w 

151000 

30200 

24 

32 

38.50 

35.00 

•  • 

.  .  . 

Turnbuckles  are  necessary  in  many  places,  such  as  guy  ropes,  etc.,  to 
take  up  slack  and  maintain  a  uniform  tension  on  each  rope.  From  the 
strengths  and  working  loads  given  the  proper  size  is  readily  selected,  which  in 
every  case  should  be  equal  to  the  strength  of  the  rope  as  given  in  the  price 
lists.  Where  greater  take-up  than  given  in  column  No.  4  is  required,  two 
turnbuckles  may  be  used.  State  style  of  ends  wanted. 

Style  No.  228  is  most  commonly  used. 


American  Wire  Rope 


221 


Turnbnckles 


With    Eye    and    Hook.      Trade   No.    227O 


With   Two    Eyes.      Trade  No.   228 


With   Shackle   and   Eye.      Trade   No.    229 


With   Two   Shackles.      Trade   No.   229O 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Iron  Guy  Shackles 

Galvanized  or  Black 

Select    size    of    shackle  having  strength  equal  to  rope  with  which  it  is 
to  be  used. 


Size  in  Inches 
of  Shackle 
(Diam.  of  Iron 
in  Bow) 

List 
Galvanized 
Each 

List 
Black 
Each 

Gov.  Test 
Max.  Strength 
in  Pounds 

Length 
Inside 
Inches 

Width 
Between 
Eyes 
Inches 

Diam.  of 
Pin  in 
Inches 

Approximate 
Weight  of 
Each  in 
Pounds 

H 

$0.25 

$0.23 

10,890 

1H 

H 

X 

0.30 

& 

/2 

.80 
.3(5 

.28 
.32 

15,200 
18,390 

1% 
ift 

tl 

ft 

0.48 
0.70 

& 

.40 

.36 

24,800 

V/8 

H 

ii 

0.90 

ft 

.46 

.40 

33,400 

W 

1& 

¥ 

1.40. 

% 

.55 

.46 

43,400 

3 

1& 

H 

2.20 

% 

.73 

.61 

55,200 

3^ 

IH 

i 

3.40 

1 

1.08 

.84 

74,900 

4 

i# 

i# 

5.00 

1# 

1.67 

1.34 

90,200 

4^ 

1/8 

IX 

6.80 

1# 

2.10 

1.67 

92,040 

5 

2 

1^ 

9.40 

1# 

2.70 

2.15 

94,100 

5/2 

2^ 

1^ 

12.20 

\v* 

3.60 

2.90 

103,800 

6 

2X 

1^ 

16.40 

i# 

4.20 

3.35 

155,542 

Q/2 

2/2 

nr 

19.00 

i# 

5.30 

4.25 

172,400 

7 

2^ 

i^ 

24.00 

2 

9.25 

7.55 

235,620 

8 

3X 

2^ 

38.20 

Shackles  are  used  to  connect  ropes,  the  ends  of  which  are  equipped  with 
thimbles,  sockets,  turnbuckles,  etc. 


American  Wire  Rope  223 


Heavy  Wire  Rope  Blocks 

"  American  "  Wire  Rope  Blocks  are  noted  for  their  liberal  dimensions, 
exceptional  strength  and  weight.  They  are  made  in  all  sizes,  single,  double, 
triple  and  quadruple,  with  shackles,  with  and  without  plain  or  swivel  hooks. 

Sheaves     are  made  of  specially  selected  iron,  hard  enough  to  prevent  rapid 
wear  from  rope  and  tough  enough  to  prevent  fracture  from  such 
rough  handling  as  a  block  is  constantly  required  to  withstand. 

Bushings     Sheaves   can   be  furnished   plain    bore   or  with   the   well-known 
"  American "  self-lubricating   bushing,   a  factor   which   increases 
the  life  of  a  sheave  fifty  per  cent,  over  the  ordinary  common  bushed  sheave. 
They  do  not  cut  the  axles  and  new  bushings  can  be  put  in  an  old  sheave. 

Grooves     are  ground  smooth  and  true  to  size  to  prevent  undue  wear  on  the 
rope.     Hubs  are  accurately  bored  so  that  bushings  can  be  renewed 
at  any  time. 

Axles     are  of  generous  dimensions,  fastened  so  as  to  prevent  their  turning 
with  the  sheave.     When  sheave  is  to  be  lubricated  by  hard  grease 
the  axle  is  center  bored  and  a  heavy  malleable  grease  cup  is  screwed  on  the 
axle. 

Shells     The  sheaves  on  our  blocks  are  guarded  by  heavy  steel  plates  which 

protect  the  sheaves  from  chipping  or  breaking,  and  absolutely  prevent 

the  rope  from  jumping  the  sheave.     They  are  well  turned  to  prevent  chafing 

of  the  rope. 

• 

Pins     are  of  very  hard  cold  rolled  steel  of  ample  size  for  the  requirements. 

Hooks     The  "  American "  hook    is    of   the    finest    quality   of    forging    steel 
and   of  exceptional   weight   and   strength.     Either    swivel    or    plain 
"American"  hooks  are  interchangeable  one  with  another  and  between  single 
and  double  blocks. 

Shackles     Can  be  attached  to  any  "  American  "  block  when  desired.     They 
are  of  the  same  quality  as  the  hooks  and  exceptionally  strong. 


224 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


217 


722 


218 


429 


Heavy  Wire  Rope  Block 

With  Plain  Hook 


Outside 
Diameter 
of 
Sheaves 
Inches 

Diameter 
Rope 
Inches 

Iron  Bearings 

Self-lubricating  Bushings 

Price 
Single 

Price 
Double 

Price 

Single 

Price 
Double 

11 

14 
16 

18 
20 

H°r/2 

s/8or% 

X 

H 

i 

$  9.00 

10.00 
12.00 
19.00 
21.50 

$14.50 
17.50 
23.50 
32.00 
35.00 

$10.00 
11.00 
13.00 
21.00 
23.50 

$16.50 

19.50 
25.50 
36.00 
39.00 

Cheeks  for  Wire  Rope   Blocks 

The  cheeks  are  cast  iron  weights  suit- 
able for  the  requirements  made  to  overhaul 
the  line  of  the  hoisting  drum.  They  are 
neat  and  can  be  attached  to  any  "  American" 
Block. 


11 

14 

16 

18 

20 

Blocks 

Inches 

Inches 

Inches 

Inches 

Inches 

Price 

Price 

Price 

Price 

Price 

Light  cheeks 

Heavy  cheeks 

Heavy  Wire  Rope  Block 

With  Swivel  Hook 


Outside 
Diameter 
of  Sheaves 
Inches 

Diameter 
Rope 
Inches 

Iron  Bearings 

Self-lubricating 
Bushings 

Price 
Single 

Price 
Double 

Price 
Single 

Price 
Double 

11 

14 
16 

18 
20 

Horl/2 
ft°r% 

X 
H 

$13.00 
14.00 
19.00 
34.50 
37.00 

$15.50 
21.50 
34.50 
45.00 
48.00 

$14.00 
15.00 
20.00 
36.50 
39.00 

$17.50 

23.50 
36.50 
49.00 
52.00 

Wire  Rope  Snatch  Blocks 

This  is  of  the  strongest  construction  possible. 
The  block  is  locked  and  unlocked  by  turning  the 
hook  and  head  to  the  required  angle.  This  is  easily 
accomplished  and  still  always  leaves  the  block 
securely  locked. 


Outside  Diameter 
of  Sheaves 
Inches 

Diameter  Rope 
Inches 

Iron  Bearings 
Price 

Self-  lubricating 
Bushings 
Price 

11 

14 
16 

18 

y&or  yz 
ft  or  y4 

I 

$15.00 
16.50 

24.00 
31.50 

$16.00 
17.50 
25.00 
33.50 

American  Wire  Rope 


225 


Heavy  Wire  Rope  Block 

Without  Hook 


219 


Outside 
Diameter 
of  Sheave 
Inches 

Diameter 
of  Rope 
Inches 

Iron  Bearings 

Self-lubricating 
Bushings 

Price 
Single 

Price 
Double 

Price 
Single 

Price 
Double 

11 

^or  X 

$  6.50 

$  9.00 

$  7.50 

$11.00 

14 

X  or  % 

7.50 

11.00 

8.50 

13.00 

16 

X 

8.50 

12.00 

9.50 

14.00 

18 

% 

12.00 

17.00 

14.00 

21.00 

20 

14.50 

20.00 

16.50 

24.00 

Heavy  Wire  Rope  Rlock 

With  Shackle 


Outside  Diameter 
of  Sheave 
Inches 

Diameter  of  Rope 
Inches 

Self-lubricating  Bushings 

Triple,  Price 

Quadruple,  Price 

14 

H  °rX 

$26.00 

$32.00 

16 

X 

35.00 

45.00 

18 

H 

46.00 

57.00 

20 

60.00 

75.00 

Solid  Iron  Sheaves 

For  Elevators  and  Derricks 


Outside 
Diameter 
of  Sheave 
Inches 

Diameter 
at  Bottom 
of  Groove 
Inches 

Finished 
Standard 
Bore 

Thickness 
Through 
the  Hub 

Maximum 
Size  of 
Rope  that 
can  be  Used 

Net 
Price 
Each 

30 

27 

2^ 

3 

1 

$12.00 

28 

25 

2^ 

3 

1 

10.50 

26 

23 

2^ 

3 

1 

9.00 

24 

21 

2^ 

3 

1 

8.00 

22 

19 

2 

3 

1 

7.00 

20 

17 

2 

2X 

1 

5.75 

18 

15X 

W 

2X 

1 

4.50 

16 

is# 

l*/2 

2 

1 

4.00 

14 

12 

w 

2 

1 

3.25 

12 

10 

l*/2 

2 

X 

2.50 

10 

8 

s/2 

6^ 

IX 

IX 

2 
2 

* 

1.50 
1.30 

226 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


List   Prices  for  Labor  for  Splicing  Endless  Rope 


Diameter  of  Rope  in  Inches 

List  Prices 

Diameter  of  Rope  in  Inches 

List  Prices 

1#  to  IX 

1M  to    7A 

%  to    y2 

$4.50 
4.00 
3.50 

TV    tO    H 

A  to  X 

$3.00 

2.50 

The  above  charges  are  for  labor  in  making  splices  at  our  works,  and  do 
not  include  the  additional  20  to  30  feet  of  rope  used  in  making  the  splice.  A 
special  charge  will  be  made  for  splicing  done  elsewhere,  such  charge  depend- 
ing on  the  circumstances  of  each  individual  case. 

Exact  lengths  of  endless  transmission  ropes  should  be  specified,  or  else 
the  exact  distance  from  center  to  center  of  wheels,  together  with  circumference 
of  wheels. 


American  Wire  Rope 


227 


Wire  Rope  Slings 


228  American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 

Wire  Rope  Slings 

On  the  preceding  page  are  illustrated  two  kinds  of  wire  rope  slings 
selected  from  the  many  which  may  be  made.  Also  several  special  rope 
fittings,  the  use  of  which  is  self  explanatory. 

A.  Socket  and  swivel  hook. 

B.  Socket  and  hook. 

C.  Self-locking  swivel  hook. 

Sling  "  D  "  as  shown  is  equipped  with  two  hooks,  "  E  "  and  "  F,"  but  it  is 
frequently  made  with  special  round  links  instead  of  the  hooks.  Such  a 
modified  sling  is  useful  for  handling  heavy  shafting,  dynamos,  motors,  etc.,  or 
several  slings  may  be  used  to  lift  locomotives  or  similar  machinery. 

Sling  "  G  "  consists  of  a  wire  rope  spliced  endless.  This  may  be  passed 
around  a  block  of  stone  or  similar  object  and  the  end  of  the  loop  put  into 
a  crane  or  derrick  hook. 

Where  extra  strong  slings  are  required,  these  are  made  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  give  maximum  strength. 

Suggestions  for  other  types  of  slings  are  shown  on  page  71. 

In  ordering  slings  for  special  work,  a  blue  print  or  sketch  with  full 
particulars  should  accompany  each  order. 


American  Wire  Rope 


229 


Extra  Flexible  Plow  Steel  Pulling-in  Cables 

8  Strands— 19  Wires  Each— 1  Hemp  Center 

Thimble  spliced  in  one  end. 

Thimble,  swivel  and  sister  hooks  spliced  in  other  end. 


Diameter  of  Rope 
in  Inches 

List  Prices  of  Rope 
Per  Foot 

List  Prices  of  Thimble 
Spliced  In 

List  Prices  of  Thimble,  Swivel 
and  Sister  Hooks  Complete 
Spliced  In 

# 

$0.21 

$1.55 

$5.90 

.18 

1.30 

5.00 

y* 

.16 

1.25 

4.70 

7 

.15 

1.20 

4.00 

y* 

.14 

1.15 

3.70 

A 

.18* 

1.10 

3.20 

230 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


These  cables  are  used  for  pulling  electrical  cables  into  underground  con- 
duits, and  for  cleaning  sewers.  The  sister  hooks  snap  into  the  eye  of  a  wire 
pulling  grip  that  is  attached  to  the  end  of  the  cable  to  be  drawn  into  the  con- 
duit. The  thimble  end  of  the  rope  is  wound  on  a  small  drum  or  hand  winch. 
The  most  common  sizes  are  ^  inch  and  ^  inch  diameter.  The  lengths  vary 
from  300  feet  to  600  feet,  measured  from  pull  of  thimble  to  pull  of  sister  hooks. 

In  ordering,  state  diameter  of  conduit  or  pipe  in  which  rope  is  to  be  used. 

Directions  for  Splicing  Wire  Rope 

The  tools  required  are  a  small  marline-spike,  nipping  cutters,  and  either 
clamps  or  a  small  hemp  rope  sling  with  which  to  wrap  around  and  untwist  the 
rope.  If  a  bench  vise  is  accessible,  it  will  be  found  very  convenient  for 
holding  the  rope. 

In  splicing  rope,  a  certain  length  is  used  up  in  making  the  splice.  An 
allowance  of  not  less  than  16  feet  for  ^-inch  rope,  and  proportionately  longer 
for  larger  sizes,  must  be  added  to  the  length  of  an  endless  rope,  in  ordering. 

This  extra  length  is  equal  to  the  distance  "EE"  in  Fig  1,  page  232. 
The  additional  length  recommended  for  making  a  splice  in  different  sizes  of 
wire  rope  is  as  follows : 


Diameter  of  Rope 
in  Inches 

Extra  Length  Allowed 
for  the  Splice,  Feet 

Diameter  of  Rope 
in  Inches 

Extra  Length  Allowed 
for  the  Splice,  Feet 

H 

16 

1 

32 

/2 

16 

1# 

36 

% 

20 

IX 

40 

X 

24 

1# 

44 

ft 

28 

Having  measured  carefully  the  length  the  rope  should  be  after  splicing 
and  marked  the  points  J/and  M'  (Fig.  1),  unlay  the  strands  from  each  end 
E  and  E'  to  M  and  J/',  and  cut  off  the  hemp  center  at  M  and  M' ,  and  then : 

First.  Interlock  the  six  unlaid  strands  of  each  end  alternately,  cutting 
off  the  hemp  centers  at  M  and  M'  and  draw  wire  strands  together,  so  that  the 
points  J/and  M'  meet,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2. 

Second.  Unlay  a  strand  from  one  end,  and  following  the  unlay  closely, 
lay  into  the  seam  or  groove  it  opens  the  strand  opposite  it  belonging  to  the 
other  end  of  the  rope,  until  there  remains  a  length  of  strand  equal  in  inches  to 
the  length  of  splice  EE  in  feet,  e.  g.,  the  straight  end  of  the  inlaid  strand  A 
on  one-half  inch  rope  equal  16  inches  for  16-foot  splice.  Then  cut  the  other 
strand  to  about  the  same  length  from  the  point  of  meeting,  as  shown  at  A 
(Fig.  3). 

Third.  Unlay  the  adjacent  strand  in  the  opposite  direction,  and  following 
the  unlay  closely,  lay  in  its  place  the  corresponding  opposite  strand,  cutting 
the  ends  as  described  before  at  B  (Fig.  3). 

The  four  strands  are  now  laid  in  place  terminating  at  A  and'  B,  with  the 
eight  remaining  at  J/and  M\  as  shown  in  Fig.  3. 


American  Wire  Rope 


231 


It  will  be  well  after  laying  each  pair  of  strands  to  tie  them  temporarily  at 
the  points  A  and  B. 

Pursue  the  same  course  with  the  remaining  four  pairs  of  opposite  strands, 
stopping  each  pair  of  strands  so  as  to  divide  the  space  between  A  and  B  into 

five  equal  parts,  as  shown  in  Fig.  4,  and  cutting 
the  ends  as  before. 

All  the  strands  are  now  laid  in  their  proper 
places  with  their  respective  ends  passing  each 
other,  as  shown  in  Fig.  4. 

All  methods  of  rope  splicing  are  identical 
up  to  this  point ;  their  variety  consists  in  the 
method  of  securing  the  ends.  One  good  way 
is  as  follows : 

Clamp  the  rope  either  in  a  vise  at  a  point  to  the  left  of  A  (Fig.  4),  and  by 
a  hand  clamp  applied  near  A  open  up  the  rope  by  untwisting  sufficiently  to  cut 
the  hemp  core  at  A,  and  seizing  it  with  the  nippers,  let  your  assistant  draw  it 
out  slowly.  Then  insert  a  marlin  spike  under  the  two  nearest  strands  to  open 
up  the  rope  and  starting  the  loose  strand  into  the  space  left  vacant  by  the  hemp 
center,  rotate  the  marlin  spike  so  as  to  run  the  strand  into  the  center.  Cut  the 
hemp  core  where  the  strand  ends,  and  push  the  end  of  hemp  back  into  its  place. 
Remove  the  clamps  and  let  the  rope  close  together  around  it.  Draw  out  the 
hemp  core  in  the  opposite  direction  and  lay  the  other  strand  in  the  center  of 
the  rope  in  the  same  manner.  Repeat  the  operation  at  the  five  remaining 
points,  and  hammer  the  rope  lightly  at  the  points  where  the  ends  pass  each 
other  at  A,  A ',  jS,  B ',  etc.,  with  small  wooden  mallets,  and  the  splice  is 
complete,  as  shown  in  Fig.  5. 

If  a  clamp  and  vise  are  not  obtainable,  two  rope  slings  and  short  wooden 
levers  may  be  used  to  untwist  and  open  up  the  rope. 

A  rope  spliced  as  above  will  be  nearly  as  strong  as  the  original  rope,  and 
smooth  everywhere.  After  running  a  few  days,  the  splice,  if  well  made,  cannot 
be  pointed  out  except  by  the  close  examination  of  an  expert. 


American 
Steel  and 
Wire  Co. 

2.32 


0        M 


C\l 


ffl 


0 


234 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Power   Transmitted   by  Wire   Rope 

A  table  showing  the  proper  relation  between  the  rope  and  wheels  used  in 
transmitting  power  by  means  of  wire  rope,  and  approximately  the  amount  of 
power  that  may  be  thus  transmitted.  The  calculations  are  based  upon  a  rope 
of  the  6  strand,  7  wires  per  strand  construction,  as  described  on  page  121. 


Diameter 
of  Wheel  in 
Feet 

Number  of 
Revolutions 
per  Minute 

Diameter 
of  Rope 

Horse- 
power 

Diameter 
of  Wheel  in 
Feet 

Number  of 
Revolutions 
per  Minute 

Diameter 
of  Rope 

Horse- 
power 

3 

80 

tf 

3 

7 

140 

A 

35 

3 

100 

3A 

3^ 

8 

80 

H 

26 

3 

120 

H 

4 

8 

100 

H 

32 

3 

140 

H 

4^ 

8 

120 

H 

39 

4 

80 

3A 

4 

8 

140 

% 

45 

T96 

47 

4 

100 

H 

5 

9 

80 

H 

48 

A 

58 

4 

120 

ft 

6 

9 

100 

H 

60 

T9fi 

69 

4 

140 

x 

7 

9      . 

120 

# 

73 

A 

82 

5 

80 

TV 

9 

9 

140 

H 

84 

ft 

64 

5 

100 

T?6 

.11 

10 

80 

H 

68 

# 

80 

5 

120 

T\ 

13 

10 

100 

II 

85 

Qft 

5 

140 

A 

15 

10 

120 

7° 
tt 

«7U 

102 

3 

112 

6 

80 

X 

14 

10 

140 

11 

119 
93 

6 

100 

y* 

17 

12 

80 

3? 

99 

tt 

116 

6 

120 

y* 

20 

12 

100 

¥ 

124 

H 

140 

6 

140 

% 

23 

12 

120 

¥ 

149 

7 

80 

A 

20 

12 

120 

^ 

173 

141 

7 

100 

A 

,     25 

14 

80 

W 

148 

i 

176 

7 

120 

A 

30 

14 

100 

IX 

185 

Comparatively  few  places  now  use  wire  rope  for  power  transmission  only,  but  the 
above  table  gives  data  sufficient  for  such  cases. 


American  Wire   Rope 


235 


Weights  of  Materials  Handled  by  Wire  Rope 


Material 

Weight  per 
Cubic  Foot 

Material 

Weight  per 
Cubic  Foot 

166.5 
96 

55-  66 

38 
87 
504-524 
100 
125 
135 
140-150 
112-140 
450 
60 
78 
42 
35 
120-150 
50-  55 
84 
63 
120-140 
554 
72-  80 
82-  92 

90-100 
104-120 
35 
162 
164 
156-172 
1208 
48 
160-170 
90-106 
143 
24 
53 

58.7 
317 
327 
245 
239 
450 
480 

Lead 

710 

53-75 
170-200 

109 
35-  53 
49 
160-180 

144-165 
183 
90-100 
80-110 
120 

59 

48 

55 
25-30 
34 
45 
1344 

165 
69 

45-  49 
90-106 
118-129 
144 
162 
655 
175 
5-  12 
166-175 
25 
490 
125 
37 

62 
110-120 
459 
170-200 
20-  30 

38 
62.3 

437 

Anthracite,  Pennsylvania,  solid 
Anthracite,    Pennsylvania, 

Lime,  quick,  loose     .... 
Limestone                          . 

Magnesium       
Mahogany,  dry      

Asphaltum       
Brass                 .          .... 

Maple,  dry  
Marble    
Masonry,  granite,  limestone  or 
sandstone      
Mica  
Mortar    
Mud,  dry      
Mud,  wet,  maximum 

Oak   live  dry 

Brick   hard             

Brick,  fire    

Cement,  Portland,  loose      .      . 
Cement,  Rosendale,  loose  . 

Oak,  white,  dry     

Cherry,  dry       ...... 
Chestnut,  dry  
Clay                        

Petroleum 

Pine,  white,  dry    
Pine,  yellow,  Northern  . 
Pine,  yellow,  Southern  . 
Platinum 

Coal,  broken,  bituminous    . 
Coal,  solid,  bituminous 
Coke                        ..... 

Concrete      
Copper  
Earth,  common  loam,  loose     . 
Earth,  common  loam,  shaken 
Earth,  common  loam,  rammed 

Quartz     

Salt                          .           ... 

Sand,  dry  and  loose  .... 
Sand,  perfectly  wet   .... 

Earth,  as  soft  as  flowing  mud 

Shales,  red  or  black  .... 

Felspar  
Flint                        .           ... 

Slate 

Glass 

Snow      

Gold       
Grain  at  60  pounds  per  bushel 

Soapstone              .           ... 

Steel       

Oravpl 

Gypsum  (plaster  of  Paris)  . 
Hemlock   dry        

Sycamore               

Tar          

Hickory  dry 

Tile                         

Tre 

Tin,  cast      

Iron  ore,  magnetic     .... 
Iron  ore,  red  hematite    . 
Iron  ore,  brown  hematite    . 
Iron  ore,  spathic        .... 
Iron  cast          .                ... 

Trap  rock    

Turf  or  peat,  dry        .... 

Walnut,  black,  dry    .... 
Water,  pure     

Zinc                         

Iron,  wrought  

236 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Numbers  and  Dimensions  of  Reels 

For  Wire  Rope  and  Strand— Worcester  Works 


No. 

Diameter 
of  Head  in 
Inches 

Diameter 
of  Barrel  in 
Inches 

Width 
Inside  in 
Inches 

Width 
Outside  in 
Inches 

Arbor  Hole 
in  Inches 

Average 
Weight  in 
Pounds 

W600 

6 

4X 

IX 

2 

2 

1 

W601 

6 

4X 

2 

2% 

2 

1 

W  602 

8 

4^ 

5/2 

1% 

2 

2 

W  603 

8 

4X 

5/2 

1% 

IX 

2 

W604 

20 

9 

8 

11# 

2^ 

12 

W605 

28 

14 

13/2 

18 

3^ 

32 

W  606 

32 

15# 

18# 

18 

3X 

82 

W  607 

32 

16 

15 

19# 

7X 

80 

W'608 

38 

20 

22^ 

27X 

^X 

165 

W609 

44 

24 

23 

27K 

7X 

190 

W610 

50 

28 

32 

37X 

^X 

340 

W611 

56 

30 

35X 

42 

7X 

475 

W  612 

56 

30 

41  # 

48 

?x 

490 

W613 

60 

30 

41  & 

48 

7^ 

550 

W614~ 

66 

30 

41# 

48 

7X 

610 

W615 

50 

25X 

16 

19# 

nx 

320 

W617 

35 

16# 

18# 

18 

3X 

80 

W618 

36 

15# 

u# 

18 

3X 

85 

W619 

72 

30 

47 

53X 

7X 

1045 

W622 

80 

40 

47^ 

58 

16^ 

1800 

W623 

84 

40 

60^ 

71 

16^ 

2000 

W624 

90 

40 

60X 

73 

1Q/2 

2600 

W625 

90 

40 

72 

84 

W/2 

3100 

W  626 

94 

40 

72 

84 

16^ 

4000 

W  627 

102 

42 

85 

98 

16^ 

6000 

W628 

112 

44 

89 

102 

16^ 

6100 

W629 

116 

44 

85 

98 

16^ 

6500 

W630 

28 

18# 

13# 

18 

3X 

32 

W  631 

92 

40 

44^ 

52 

16^  &  9 

3600 

W633 

50 

28 

23 

28X 

7X 

360 

W634 

56 

40 

34 

40X 

7X 

500 

W635 

60 

40 

35^ 

42 

7X 

580 

W636 

66 

36 

33^ 

40 

7X 

650 

W  638 

80 

36 

32^ 

39 

7X 

1600 

W  641 

35 

24 

16 

20^ 

?X 

106 

W  642 

50 

28 

32 

37X 

7X 

372 

W643 

44 

24 

22^ 

27 

^X 

642 

W644 

100 

36 

40 

53 

16^ 

2900 

W645 

78 

36 

42 

53 

16X 

1600 

W646 

20 

9 

8 

11^ 

2/s 

25 

W  647 

10 

3X 

6 

9^ 

ft 

10 

W648 

15 

6 

4X 

8X 

ft 

16# 

W649 

24 

10 

20^ 

24 

3X 

38 

W650 

22 

10 

19 

22^ 

3X 

35 

W651 

28 

14 

18# 

17 

4 

51 

W  653 

12 

4X 

5/2 

7X 

2 

4 

W654 

16 

10 

8 

10^ 

2^ 

11 

W655 

42 

30 

23 

27^ 

7X 

160 

W656 

12 

4 

5X 

7 

IA 

6 

W657 

12 

4^ 

6X 

8/2 

i# 

6 

American  Wire  Rope 


237 


Tensile  Strength,  Manila  and  Wire  Rope  Compared 

Approximate  Breaking  Stress  Calculated  in  Tons  of  2,OOO  Pounds 


Diameter 

Wire  Transmission  Rope.     One  hemp 
core  surrounded  by  six  strands  of  seven 
wires  each. 

Wire  Hoisting  Rope.     One  hemp  core 
surrounded  by  six    strands    of    nineteen 
wires  each. 

Average 
Quality 
New 

Inches 

Iron 

Crucible 
Cast 
Steel 

Extra 
Strong 
Crucible 

Plow 
Steel 

Iron 

Crucible 
Cast 
Steel 

Extra 
Crucible 

Plow 
Steel 

Manila 
Rope 

Cast  Steel 

Cast  Steel 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

2^ 

111 

211 

243 

275 

26 

2*2 

92 

170 

200 

229 

21 

^/2 

23/ 

72 

133 

160 

186 

17 

/^T 

2 

55 

106 

123 

140 

13^ 

1¥ 

44 

85 

99 

112 

-Lt'/2 

11 

/*T 

IH 

38 

72 

83 

94 

9jZ 

/*> 

1# 

32 

63 

73 

82 

33 

64 

73 

82 

8/2 

w 

28 

53 

63 

72 

28 

56 

64 

72 

7 

IX 

23 

46 

54 

60 

22.8 

47 

53 

58 

6 

1# 

19 

37 

43 

47 

18.6 

38 

43 

47 

5 

1 

15 

31 

35 

38 

14.5 

30 

34 

38 

4' 

# 

12 

24 

28 

31 

11.8 

23 

26 

29 

3 

K 

8.8 

18.6 

21 

23 

8.5 

17.5 

20.2 

23 

2X 

# 

6 

13 

14.5 

16 

6 

12.5 

14 

15.5 

$ 

A 

4.8 

10 

11 

12 

4.7 

10 

11.2 

12.3 

1# 

# 

3.7 

7.7 

8.85 

10 

3.9 

8.4 

9.2 

10 

1 

TV 

2.6 

5.5 

6.25 

7 

2.9 

6.5 

7.25 

8 

# 

H 

2.2 

4.6 

5.25 

5.9 

2.4 

4.8 

5.30 

5.75 

% 

T5* 

1.7 

3.5 

3.95 

4.4 

1.5 

3.1 

3.50 

3.8 

3/* 

A 

1.2 

2.5 

2.95 

3.4 

» 

5 

1.1 

2,2 

2,43 

2.65 

5 

Signal  Strand  Reels 

All  Works 


No. 

Diameter 
of  Head  in 
Inches 

Diameter 
of  Barrel  in 
Inches 

Width 
Inside  in 
Inches 

Width 
Outside  in 
Inches 

Arbor  Hole 
in  Inches 

Average 
Weight  in 
Pounds 

700 

42 

20 

24 

27^ 

2% 

150 

701 

38 

20 

24 

27^ 

2% 

115 

702 

36 

20 

24 

27M 

2^ 

105 

703 

35 

16 

14M 

18 

2j| 

80 

704 

35 

16 

13^ 

17 

2% 

75 

705 

34 

12 

16 

19K 

2% 

80 

706 

32 

12 

16 

WK 

2^ 

70 

707 

32 

12 

13K 

17 

2% 

65 

708 

32 

16 

14M 

18 

2K 

68 

709 

30 

12 

16 

19H 

2K 

60 

710 

28 

12 

16 

19« 

2y2 

53 

711 

28 

12 

18« 

17 

2% 

47 

712 

26 

12 

12 

15^ 

2M 

40 

713 

24 

12 

12 

15^ 

2^ 

35 

714 

22 

12 

12 

15M 

2% 

32 

715 

20 

12 

12 

15j| 

2% 

27 

716 

20 

12 

8 

11^ 

•      2% 

23 

717 

18 

12 

12 

M>j| 

.Zvg 

25 

718 

28 

13  Yz 

16 

19K 

1% 

32 

719 

28 

13^ 

14M 

18 

f>&7 

32 

720 

26 

13*1 

16 

1»H 

1% 

28 

721 

26 

13Jfc 

12 

15^ 

IM 

26 

722 

26 

16 

14K 

18 

2^ 

27 

723 

24 

13 

12 

15^ 

1» 

20 

724 

24 

16 

14H 

18 

2V? 

23 

725 

22 

13 

12 

15Ji 

1% 

18 

726 

22 

18H 

14K 

18 

2H 

19 

727 

20 

12 

12 

15H 

1% 

14 

728 

20 

10 

8 

11  jl 

2S 

12 

729 

18 

12 

12 

I5H 

1% 

11 

238 


American    Steel    and    Wire    Company 


Numbers  and  Capacity  of  Reels  in  Feet  of  Different 

Sizes  of  Rope 


Diam. 

N 

o,  of  Reel 

Weight 

in 
Inches 

653 

646 

651 

606 

607 

641 

617 

608 

609 

in 
Pounds 

J/ 

2000 

5000 

10000 

.10 

JL 

1800 

4000 

5280 

5280 

.12^ 

36* 

re 
# 

$ 
§ 

H 

7/R 

650 

450 
330 
250 

200 
160 

1500 

1000 
800 
600 

500 

400 
250 

3000 

2500 
1500 
1150 

900 
700 
500 

5000 

4000 
3300 
2500 

2000 
1500 
1000 

800 

5000 

4000 
3300 

2500 

2000 
1500 
1000 

800 

1800 
1500 
1000 

800 

8000 

5000 
3600 
3000 

2400 
1800 
1000 

900 

11000 

8000 
6000 
5000 

3500 
2800 
1700 

1100 

15000 

11000 
8000 
6000 

4800 
3900 
2500 

1900 

.15 

.22 
.30 
.39 

.50 
.62 

.89 

1.20 

1' 

11A 

.  .  . 

•  •  • 

600 

600 

600 

800 
600 

1000 
700 

1400 
1200 

1.58 
2 

I1/ 

900 

2  45 

A7» 

13% 

800 

3 

1  14 

700 

3.55 

1/2 

633 

610 

642 

635 

611 

612 

613 

614 

619 

JL 

14000 

.30 

V-> 

8000 

10000 

10000 

14500 

16000 

16000 

.39 

T96 

# 

# 
# 

1 

1# 

IX 

1H 

IK 
1# 

1# 

2 

5000 
3400 
2500 

1800 
1400 
1100 

950 
750 

8250 

6000 
4200 
3400 

2500 
2000 
1600 

1300 
1150 
900 

750 

8250 

6000 
4200 
3400 

2500 
2000 
1600 

1300 
1150 
900 

750 

11400 

9200 
6400 
4750 

3600 
2800 
2300 

1900 
1600 
1350 

1100 

12000 

10000 
6500 
5200 

3900 
3000 
2500 

2000 
1800 
1400 

1200 
900 

13000 

11000 
7200 
6000 

4100 
3200 
2600 

2100 
1800 
1500 

1300 
1000 

15000 

14000 
9400 
7200 

5500 
4500 
3600 

3000 
2400 
2000 

1750 
1200 

17000 
12500 
9000 

7700 
5400 
4400 

3600 
3100 
2600 

2200 
1700 

26000 
20000 
13700 

10000 
8200 
6700 

5500 
4650 
4000 

3400 
2600 

.50 

.63 
.89 
1.20 

1.58 
2 
2.45 

3 
3.55 
4.15 

4.85 
6.30 

2  5/ 

700 

800 

1000 

1300 

2000 

8 

2^ 

650 

750 

1100 

1650 

9.85 

2¥ 

550 

600 

900 

1350 

11.95 

Reels  mentioned  are  those  most  generally  used. 


American  Wire  Rope 


239 


Wire  Rope  Glossary 


Abrasion.  External  or  surface  wear  on  the  wires  of 
a  cable.  Amount  of  abrasion  is  a  partial  criterion  of 
service  given  by  a  cable. 

Aeroplane  Mrand.  A  small  seven  or  nineteen-wire 
galvanized  strand  made  from  high  strength  plow 
steel  wire.  Also  made  from  crucible  steel. 

Ammunition  Hoists.  A  device  for  hoisting  ammu- 
nition from  the  magazine  of  a  warship  to  guns  by 
means  of  wire  rope. 

Anchorage  Bolts.  Foundation  bolts  to  which  a  wire 
rope  socket  is  attached  on  a  cableway  or  bridge. 

Arc  Light  Rope.  A  rope  consisting  of  nine  strands 
of  four  or  seven  galvanized  wires  and  hemp  center 
used  for  supporting  arc  lights. 


Back  Haul  Derrick.  A  derrick  using  a  single  or 
double  end  line  on  which  a  multiplying  tackle  is  used 
on  the  back  of  the  mast  to  increase  power  of  hoisting 
engine. 

Bail  of  a  Socket.  The  U-shaped  loop  on  a  closed 
socket. 

Ballast  Unloaders.  A  device  consisting  of  a  V-- 
shaped plow,  a  large  wire  rope  and  an  engine  with 
geared  propelling  drum  ;  used  for  stripping  flat  cars 
of  gravel,  rock,  etc.,  in  railroad  or  excavation  work. 

Basket  of  a  Socket.  The  hollow  conical  tapered 
part  of  a  socket  into  which  a  wire  rope  is  inserted. 

Bending  Stress.  Stress  produced  in  a  wire  rope 
when  it  is  bent  around  a  sheave  or  drum.  It  varies 
with  the  construction  of  the  rope  and  the  diameter  of 
the  sheave  or  drum.  It  is  constant  for  a  fixed  ratio 
of  drum  to  rope  diameter  for  a  given  construction  of 
rope. 

Bicycle  Cord.  A  small  rope  consisting  of  nineteen 
strands  of  three  wires  each,  made  either  from  crucible 
or  plow  steel. 

Boom  Fall  Hoist.  A  rope  on  a  derrick  for  support- 
ing and  also  for  raising  and  lowering  the  boom. 
Usually  used  with  four  to  nine  parts  in  the  hoisting 
block. 

Brake  Cables.  Short  pieces  of  galvanized  flexible 
steel  cables  used  on  electric  cars  to  give  spring  to  the 
braking  mechanism. 

Breaking  Strength.  The  load  which  a  wire  rope 
will  stand  at  the  point  of  rupture. 

Breaking  Stress.  Stress  induced  in  a  wire  rope  at 
the  point  of  breaking  and  corresponds  to  breaking 
strength. 

Breaking  Strain.  Strain  produced  in  a  material  at 
the  point  of  rupture.  Is  not  synonymous  with  the 
term  breaking  stress.  It  is  the  stress  that  produces 
the  strain. 

Bridge  Crane.  A  crane  for  outdoor  work  consisting 
of  a  fixed  girder  attached  to  movable  towers,  which 
span  a  given  place. 

Bridge  Socket.  A  (special)  type  of  wire  rope  socket 
used  especially  for  suspension  bridge  work  and  large 
aerial  cableways.  It  is  made  in  two  types,  viz. : 
open  and  closed,  the  former  consisting  of  a  casting 
with  tapered  conical  hole  into  which  cable  is  inserted, 
spread  and  held  up,  filling  the  interstices  with  babbitt, 
lead  or  zinc,  and  also  two  eye  bolts,  nut  and  pins  ; 
the  closed  type  being  similar  except  that  it  consists 
of  a  U-bolt  instead  of  two  eye  bolts. 

Bright  Rope.  Any  wire  rope  that  is  not  galvanized 
or  tinned. 

Brittle  ness.  A  condition  of  crystallization.  Shown 
by  inability  of  wire  to  stand  bending  when  new. 

Bucket  Dredge.  A  dredge  having  a  series  of  buckets 
propelled  by  an  endless  chain. 

Bull  Sheave.  A  large  single  grooved  deflecting 
sheave  used  in  wire  rope  applications. 

Button  Rope.  A  wire  rope  used  on  a  cableway  to 
distribute  the  trail  carriers  by  means  of  special 
clamps  fastened  to  the  rope. 


Cable.  An  indeterminate  name  applied  frequently  to 
a  wire  rope.  It  may  consist  of  stranded,  or  twisted, 
or  bunched  wires,  or  it  may  be  made  of  fibrous  ma- 
terial. 


Cableine.     A  wire  rope  dressing  of  a  black,  sticky 

nature. 
Cable  Laid.     Twisted  or  laid  together  like  a  cable. 

Usually  applied  to  a  compound  rope  construction, 


e.  g.,  6  x  ti  xJ7.    Also  sometimes  called  hawser  laid. 

>le 

E  se 
toget 
Cable  Road.  A  tramway  or  street  railroad  operated 


Cable  Laid  Rope.     A  compound  laid  rope  consisting 
of  several  ropes   or  several  layers  of  strands  laid 
ether  into  one  rope,  e.  g.,  6  x  6  x  7. 


by  means  of  an  endless  wire  rope  furnishing  power, 
and  cars  propelled  therefrom  by  means  of  detachable 
grips. 

Cableway.  A  movable  piece  of  machinery  consisting 
of  two  towers  and  a  cable  hung  between  them  for 
conveying  bulk  material  intermittently  back  and 
forth. 

Car  Dumper.  A  machine  for  raising  and  tilting  cars 
to  unload  contents  into  bins  or  chutes,  used  princi- 
pally for  coal  and  iron  ore. 

Cargo  Hoist.  A  derrick  hoist  rigged  to  a  mast  on 
shipboard  for  unloading  and  loading  boats. 

Carrier.  A  moving  traveler  used  on  a  cableway  car- 
riage consisting  of  a  frame  and  suitable  sheave  sheels. 

Carriage  Rope.  A  rope  for  pulling  the  carriage  of  a 
cableway  back  and  forth. 

Casing  Lines.  A  line  used  with  a  multiplying  tackle 
block  for  placing  the  casing  on  an  oil  well  and  raising 
or  lowering  the  same. 

Center.  The  heart  of  core  around  which  the  strands 
of  a  wire  rope  are  laid.  It  may  be  cotton,  hemp, 
jute,  manila  or  a  steel  twisted  strand  or  rope. 

Checker.  A  short  length  of  wire  rope  used  in  logging 
operations  to  attach  to  a  lot  to  pull  it  to  the  loading 
point. 

Circumference.  The  distance  around  a  wire  rope, 
used  more  frequently  in  designating  the  size  of  ships' 
rigging  and  hawsers. 

Clam  Shell  Bucket.  A  bucket  consisting  of  two 
movable  scoops  hinged  together  resembling  some- 
what a  gigantic  clam,  from  which  it  derives  its  name. 
It  is  largely  employed  for  handling  ore,  coal,  etc. 

Closed  Socket.  A  rope  fastening  device  consisting 
of  a  casting  or  forging  consisting  of  a  U-shaped  bail 
and  a  tapered  conical  hole  into  which  the  end  of  a 
wire  rope  is  spread  out  and  held  by  filling  the  inter- 
stices with  babbitt,  lead  or  zinc. 

Closing  Rope.  A  wire  rope  used  on  a  clam  shell  or 
orange  peel  bucket  for  shutting  or  closing  the  bucket 
and  scooping  up  the  load. 

Coal  Hoists.  Consist  usually  of  a  movable  hoisting 
tower  and  clam  shell  bucket  with  hoisting  apparatus 
for  same.  Used  for  unloading  coal  from  boats  to 
cars,  docks  or  stock  pile. 

Coil.  A  circular  bundle  of  rope  or  wire  of  any  diam- 
eter. Also  used  in  designating  wire,  etc. 

Concentric  Strand.  A  geometrical  collection  of  wires 
twisted  helically  and  symmetrically  in  any  number  of 
layers  about  a  central  wire.  All  the  wires  in  each 
layer  are  equidistant  from  the  center  of  gravity  on 
the  strand. 

Conical  Drum  or  Tapered  Drum.  A  grooved  drum 
of  varying  diameter  designed  to  give  variable  speed 
to  a  mine  hoist  and  other  similar  machinery.  End 
of  rope  is  usually  attached  to  the  small  end  of  the 
drum. 

Conveying  Rope.  A  wire  rope  used  on  a  cableway 
for  moving  the  carrier  or  load  from  one  point  to  an- 
other. Also  an  endless  rope  used  to  handle  material 
in  bulk. 

Core.  The  center  or  heart  of  a  wire  rope  and  consists 
of  wire,  hemp,  jute,  manila,  sisal  or  cotton,  according 
to  conditions. 

Corrosion.  Oxidation  or  wearing  away  of  a  wire  rope 
due  to  atmospheric  conditions  or  moisture  containing 
acid  of  acid  fumes.  Is  usually  present  in  mine  work 
and  where  ropes  are  frequently  wet. 

Counterweight  Rope.  A  wire  rope  used  on  an  ele- 
vator for  supporting  weight  used  in  balancing  the 
weight  of  empty  cage  or  car ;  also  any  rope  used  on 
machinery  to  counterbalance  a  piece  which  has  to  be 
moved  more  or  less  frequently. 

Crane  Rope.  A  wire  rope  consisting  of  six  strands  of 
thirty-seven  wires  around  a  hemp  center. 


240 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Cranes.  A  movable  bridge  or  girder  with  hoisting 
apparatus  for  lifting  and  transferring  machinery,  etc 

Crosby  Clip.  A  grooved  casting  and  U-shaped  bolt 
and  nuts  for  fastening  wire  ropes  together.  Named 
from  the  patentee. 

Crystallization.  The  brittleness  induced  in  a  wire 
rope  either  from  vibration  or  bending  around  too 
small  sheaves.  It  is  usually  coincident  with  worn 
out  condition  of  a  wire  rope. 

Crucible  Steel.  A  carbon  acid  open  hearth  steel 
having  a  tensile  strength  of  150,000  to  200,000  pounds 
per  square  inch  in  finished  wire. 

Cypress  Skidder.  Usually  an  overhead  skidder  for 
logging  cypress  and  similar  woods  in  swampy  coun- 
try. Consists  of  a  suspended  cable,  movable  carriage 
and  engine  operating  carriage  and  hoisting  lines.  » 

Dead  Line  -Endless          A  flexible  wire  rope   used 

ioi  removing  discarded  oil  well  tubing. 
Dead  Load.     A  quiet  or  steady  load  on  a  wire  rope. 
Deflection.     The  amount  of  dip  at  the  center  in  a 

cableway  or  bridge  span  of  wire  rope. 
Derrick.     A  general  term  for  an  apparatus  consisting 

of  a  fixed  mast  and  a  movable  boom  for  lifting  the 

load.     The  mast  is  usually  guyed  at  the  top  with  six 

or  more  lengths  of  wire  rope. 
Diameter.     The  normal  unit  of  measurement  of  the 

size  of  a  wire  rope.     It  is  the  distance  across  a  circle 

circumscribing  the  strands  of  the  same. 
Digging  Rope.     A  wire  rope  used  on  a  clam  shell  or 

orange  peel  grab  to  close  and  fill  the  bucket  without 

lifting  the  bucket. 

Dip.     The  sag  in  the  center  of  a  cable  span. 
Dipper  Dredge.    A  dredge  equipped  with  a  dipper  for 

excavating  under  water. 
Double  Galvanized  Strand.    Strand  made  from  very 

heavy  galvanized  wire  capable  in  most  sizes  of  stand- 
ing four  dip  immersion  test. 
Double  Switch  Rope.     A  switch  rope  with  hook  and 

link  in  one  end  and  double  link  in  other  end. 
Dragon  Rope.     A  6  x  25  triangular  flattened  strand 

rope  with  alternate  regular  and   lang  lay  strands, 

usually  made  with  hemp  center. 
Drilling  Line.     A  wire  rope  of  varying  construction 

used  for  drilling  oil  wells  from  a  depth  of  800  feet 

and  over.    Drilling  lines  are  usually  made  left  lay. 
Drum.     A  round  barrel  upon  which  a  wire  rope  is 

wound  or  stored  when  in  use. 
Dump  Rope.     A  wire  rope  used  on  a  cableway  to 

discharge  by  tilting  a  loaded  bucket  of  material. 

Ears  of  a  Socket.  The  two  projections  on  an  open 
socket  through  which  is  passed  a  pin. 

Elastic  Limit.  The  point  at  which  the  ratio  of  stress 
to  strain  ceases  to  be  a  constant  or  the  point  beyond 
which  the  material,  if  further  stressed,  takes  perma- 
nent set. 

Elongation.  Amount  of  stretch  in  a  material  when 
stressed  to  breaking  point.  Usually  expressed  as  a 
percentage. 

Elevator.  A  cage  or  car  operated  usually  by  wire 
cable  for  moving  passengers  or  freight. 

Elevator  Rope.  Wire  rope  used  for  hoisting  ele- 
vators. It  is  usually  made  of  iron  and  composed  of 
six  strands,  nineteen  wires,  one  hemp  core. 

Emergency  Hawser.  A  very  flexible  steel  hawser 
for  emergency  towing  purposes. 

Endless  Rope.  A  wire  rope  having  two  ends  spliced 
together  and  made  continuous. 

Extra  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope.  A  rope  consisting 
of  eight  strands  of  nineteen  wires  each  with  a  large 
hemp  center. 

Extra  High  Strength  Strand.  A  plow  steel  strand 
made  of  extra  galvanized  wires. 

Extra  Strong  Crucible  Steel.  A  carbon  acid  open 
hearth  steel  somewhat  stronger  than  crucible  steel. 
Tensile  strength  runs  from  180,000  to  220,000  pounds 
per  square  inch. 

Eye  Bolt.  A  bolt  with  a  loop  welded  or  forged  in 
one  end  and  the  other  end  threaded.  Used  for  an- 
chorage purposes  on  guys,  etc. 

Eye.  A  thimble  or  loop  spliced  in  the  end  of  a  wire 
rope. 

Factor  of  Safety.  The  number  of  times  stronger  a 
rope  is  than  the  load  it  has  to  carry. 


Fall  Rope.     The  main  hoisting  rope  of  a  derrick  used 

in  any  number  of  parts. 
Fall  Block.     The  main  hoisting  block  of  a  derrick  or 

cableway. 
Fall  Rope  Carrier.     A   device   for  supporting  the 

operating  rope  on  a  cableway  and  preventing  undue 


Fast  Hoist.  A  machine  for  discharging  cargoes  of 
iron  ore. 

Ferry  Rope.  A  rope  consisting  of  six  strands,  seven 
wires  each,  either  bright  or  galvanized,  used  for 
guiding  a  ferry  boat  across  a  stream. 

Ferry  Traveler.  A  carriage  operating  on  a  wire 
cable  used  for  guiding  a  ferry  boat  across  a  river. 

Flat  Drum.  A  drum  of  uniform  diameter,  usually 
smooth,  but  sometimes  grooved.  It  is  the  common 
type  in  use. 

Flat  Rope.  A  rope  consisting  of  alternate  right  and 
left  lay  rope  strands,  each  rope  strand  consisting  of 
four  strands  of  seven  wires,  all  sewed  together  with 
a  number  of  soft  iron  sewing  wires. 

Flattened  Strand  Rope.  A  wire  rope  having  non- 
cylindrical  strands,  usually  of  the  oval  or  triangular 
type,  so  called  from  the  fact  that  the  center  wire  of 
each  strand  is  an  oval  or  a  triangular  wire. 

Flexibility.  Pliability.  A  comparative  term  employed 
by  rope  users  to  distinguish  between  different  con- 
structions as  regards  the  ease  of  bending  the  com- 
pleted rope. 

Galvanized  Rope.  A  rope  made  up  f roin  wires  coated 
with  zinc  for  protection  from  rust. 

Galvanized  Signal  Strand.  A  seven-wire  strand 
made  up  from  single  galvanized  wire  ;  sometimes 
made  with  nineteen  wires. 

Glotzen.  A  wire  rope  dressing  of  a  heavy  nature  used 
on  mine  rope  haulage  and  hoisting. 

Grass  Rope.  A  wire  rope  used  in  lumbering  for  pull- 
ing back  a  skidding  line. 

Gravity  Hoist.  Any  balanced  hoist  arranged  so  that 
the  loaded  car  in  descending  an  incline  pulls  an  empty 
car  back.  This  type  of  hoist  is  usually  found  in  mine 
or  quarry  work,  where  the  material  has  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  a  lower  level. 

Gravity  Plane.  A  balanced  incline  hoist  where  the 
empty  car  is  pulled  up  by  a  loaded  car  descending 

Grip.  An  attachment  for  clamping  to  a  moving  cable 
to  transmit  power  to  cars,  etc. 

Gripwheel.  A  special  type  of  sheave  equipped  with 
numerous  dogs  whose  sides  grip  a  rope  due  to  lateral 
pressure  caused  by  tension  on  the  rope.  It  takes  the 
place  of  several  wraps  around  a  drum. 

Grooved  Drum.  A  drum  fitted  with  scores  or  grooves 
helically  arranged  to  guide  the  rope  in  winding  on 
and  off. 

Grooves.  Semi-circular  channels  cut  in  drums  or 
sheaves  to  guide  a  wire  rope  in  its  winding  or  un- 
winding 

Ground  Skidder.  Consists  of  a  donkey  engine  boiler 
and  winding  machinery  for  coiling  a  wire  rope.  It 
is  used  for  pulling  logs  out  of  the  woods  by  main 
strength. 

Grubber  Rope.  A  strong  plow  steel  rope  used  for 
clearing  land  from  stumps  after  logging  operations 

Guy  Rope.  A  galvanized  rope  consisting  usually  of  six 
strands  of  seven  wires  each  and  one  hemp  core  used 
principally  for  derricks  and  ships'  stranding  rigging. 

Guy  Strand.  Galvanized  seven-wire  strand  for  guy- 
ing poles,  smokestacks  and  such  like. 

Hand  Rope.  A  very  flexible  rope  used  to  operate  the 
valves  on  a  hydraulic  elevator  or  the  clutch  on  a 
mechanical  lift.  It  consists  of  six  ropes  each,  com- 
posed of  six  strands  of  seven  wires  each  and  seven 
hemp  cores. 

Hardness.  An  indefinite  term  allied  to  stiffness.  Is 
really  the  measure  of  the  resistance  of  a  material  to 
abrasion  from  outside  sources. 

Haulage  Rope.  A  rope  usually  composed  of  six 
strands,  seven  wires  each,  one  hemp  core.  Used 
largely  in  mines,  inclined  planes,  coal  docks,  etc. 

Hawser.  A  wire  rope  used  on  ships  for  towing  pur- 
poses. Consist  usually  of  six  strands,  thirty-seven 
wires,  one  hemp  core,  or  six  strands  twenty-four 
wires,  seven  hemp  cores. 


American  Wire  Rope 


241 


Haul  Down  Line.  A  wire  rope  used  on  a  cableway 
for  changing  the  length  of  the  digging  rope  by  means 
of  a  tackle  block. 

Hay  Press  Wope.  A  rope  used  to  operate  a  hay 
press,  usually  (5  x  19  or  8  x  19  construction. 

Head  Hope.  The  pulling  out  rope  on  a  mine  haulage 
system. 

Head  Sheave      The  sheave  at  the  top  of  a  mine  shaft. 

Heart.  The  center  or  core  of  a  rope  usually  of  fibrous 
material. 

Hemp.  A  general  term  applied  to  manila,  jute,  sisal 
and  other  kindred  fibers.  Grows  in  many  different 
countries.  Originally  a  plant  of  the  genus  Cannabis, 
the  fibrous  skin  of  bark  of  which  is  used  for  cordage. 

High  Strength  Strand.  A  crucible  steel  strand  com- 
posed of  double  galvanized  wires. 

Hoisting  Rope.  A  wire  rope  consisting  of  six  strands 
of  nineteen  wires  each,  usually  made  with  a  hemp 
center.  Also  any  rope  used  for  lifting  or  hoisting  a 
load. 

Holding  Rope.  The  wire  rope  used  on  a  clam  shell 
or  orange  peel  bucket  for  holding  the  empty  bucket 
while  opening  to  take  the  grab. 

Idler.     Any  supporting  sheave  for  a  wire  rope. 
Inclined  Plane.     A  system  of  wire  rope  application 

where  the  rope  works  up  an  incline. 
Inertia      Is  that  property  of  a  body  by  virtue  of  which 

it  tends  to  continue  in  its  state  of  rest  or  motion  in- 
definitely unless  acted  upon  by  some  external  force. 
Inhaul  Rope.     A  wire  rope  used  on  a  cableway  to 

pull  the  carriage  back  to  landing  or  dumping  point. 
Inlay.  To  insert  or  tuck  a  wire  or  strand  or  wind  or 

twist  together. 
Interlocked  Tramway  Strand.    A  concentric  strand 

composed  largely  of  special  interlocking  wires  to 

make  a  smooth  external  surface. 
Iron.     As  applied  to  wire  rope  means  a  soft  Bessemer 

or  Basic  steel    of   low  phosphorous    and    sulphur 

content. 
Ironsides.     A  heavy  wire  rope  dressing  used  in  some 

mines  for  protecting  rope. 

Jupiter  Wire  Rope  Clip.  A  wire  rope  clip  consist- 
ing of  a  swinging  U-bolt  and  nut  together  with  cast 
iron  or  steel  gripping  piece. 

Jute.  The  strong  fiber  of  the  East  Indian  Cochorus 
olitorius  and  Corchorus  capsularis  used  for  making 
bagging,  cordage,  paper,  etc. 

Kinetic  Energy.  The  energy  possessed  by  a  body 
due  to  its  weight  and  velocity.  May  be  applied  to 
any  wire  rope  problem,  including  moving  rope  and 
load. 

Kink.  A  short,  sharp  bend  in  a  wire  rope  very  inju- 
rious to  the  material  composing  it. 

Knock-off  Hook  A  hook  arranged  with  a  latch 
which  can  be  quickly  fastened  or  released. 

Lang  Lay.    A  wire  rope  in  which  both  the  wires  in 

the  strands  and  the  strands  in  the  rope  are  twisted  in 

the  same  direction. 
Left  Lay.     A  wire  rope  whose  strands  form  a  helix 

like  a  left-hand  screw  thread.     Made  by  a  right-hand 

revolution  of  the  laying  machine. 
Left  Twist.     Made  by  a  left-hand  rotation  of  the  rope 

machine  ;  is  also  called  right  lay. 
Laid.     Closed  or  twisted  together,  e.  g.,  strands  are 

laid  into  a  rope. 
Lay.    The  pitch  or  angle  of  the  helix  of  the  wires  or 

strands  of  a  rope  usually  expressed  by  the  ratio  of  the 

diameter  of  the  strand  or  rope  to  one  complete  twist. 
Live  Load  A  fluctuating,  moving  or  changeable  load. 
Lloyd's  Hawser.  A  hawser  composed  of  six  strands, 

twenty-four  wires  and  seven  hemp  cores. 
Load    Factor.      The   quantity  by  which  the  actual 

weight  of  a  load  must  be  multiplied  to  get  the  stress 

corresponding  thereto.     See  inclined  planes,  spans, 

etc. 
Loading  Line.    A  short  piece  of  wire  rope  used  on  a 

skidder  for  loading  logs  on  to  cars. 
Locomotive  Crane.     A  boom  crane  mounted  on  a 

car  capable  usually  of  self  propulsion  from  one  point 

to  another. 
Loop.     A  large  eye  of  any  size  spliced  in  the  end  of 

wire  rope. 


Manila.  A  fibrous  hemp  obtained  from  the  Musa 
textilis,  a  plant  allied  to  the  banana,  growing  in  the 
Philippine  and  other  East  India  islands,  called  by 
the  natives,  "  abaca." 

Marline.  A  small  hemp  twine  used  on  ships  for 
serving  splices. 

Marline  ^pike.  A  long  tapered  steel  spike  used  in 
rope  splicing  for  opening  up  a  wire  rope. 

Mast  Arm  Rope.  The  same  as  arc  light  rope.  Con- 
sists of  nine  strands  of  four  or  seven  wires  each  on 
hemp  core. 

Messenger  Lines.  Lines  or  ropes  used  on  shipboard 
for  moving  boats  short  distances  at  the  docks  to 
facilitate  loading,  etc. 

Messenger  Strand.  Seven-wire  galvanized  strand 
used  for  supporting  lead-covered  telephone  cables. 

Modulus  of  Elasticity.  The  ratio  of  the  load  ap- 
plied per  square  inch  to  the  extension  in  inches.  Is 
known  as  Young's  modulus.  As  applied  to  wire 
rope  we  deduct  the  permanent  stretch  from  the  total 
extension  to  get  the  true  modulus. 

Monitor.  The  strongest  and  highest  grade  of  plow 
steel  for  wire  rope  purpose.  Runs  from  220,000  to 
280.000  pounds  per  square  inch,  according  to  size. 

Mooring  Hawser.  A.  short  piece  of  galvanized  wire 
rope  used  for  mooring  ships  ;  6  x  1 2  construction 
sometimes  used. 

Mooring  Lines.  Short  lengths  of  galvanized  hoist- 
ing or  galvanized  extra  flexible  hoisting  rope  with 
loops  in  one  end,  used  for  holding  boats  to  the  dock. 

Non-spinning  Rope.  A  wire  rope  consisting  of 
eighteen  strands  of  seven  wires  each  in  two  layers, 
the  inner  layer  of  six  strands  lang  lay  and  left  lay 
around  a  small  hemp  core,  and  the  outer  twelve 
strands  regular  lay,  right-hand  lay.  Will  carry  a 
load  on  a  single  end  without  untwisting. 

Open  Socket.  A  rope  fastening  device  consisting  of 
a  casting  or  forging  with  a  tapered  conical  hole  into 
which  the  end  of  a  wire  rope  is  spread  out  and  held  by 
filling  the  interstices  with  lead,  babbitt  or  zinc,  latter 
material  preferred.  (Composed  of  a  conical  tapered 
basket  with  two  ears  and  a  pin  through  the  ears  ) 

Orange  Peel  Bucket.  A  clam  shell  bucket  with  four 
leaves  resembling  an  orange  with  the  peel  partly 
opened  up. 

Ore  Bridge.  A  crane  operated  in  connection  with 
clam  shell  buckets  for  unloading  iron  ore. 

Outhaul  Rope.  A  wire  rope  used  on  a  cableway  to 
haul  the  carriage  from  dumping  to  loading  point. 

Overhead  Skidder.  One  that  uses  an  overhead  line 
and  traveller  for  skidding  logs  from  swamps  and 
similar  places. 

Overwinding.  The  winding  of  one  layer  of  rope  over 
another  on  a  drum.  Very  bad  practice  for  any  wire 
rope  and  should  be  avoided  if  possible. 

Pile  Drivers.  A  hoisting  engine  and  weight  operated 
by  a  wire  rope  for  setting  piles. 

Pine  Skidder.  A  semi-overhead  skidder  used  for 
logging  hard  pine  timber. 

Plow  Steel.  A  medium  high  carbon  acid  open  hearth 
steel  having  a  tensile  strength  in  finished  wire  from 
220,000  to  260,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  according 
to  size. 

Pullboat.  A  boat  used  for  logging  operations.  Car- 
ries engines  and  long  lengths  of  wire  rope. 

Pulley.    A  term  sometimes  applied  to  a  sheave. 

Regular  Lay.     Strands  twisted  to  the  right  and  rope 

twisted  to  the  left.     Helix  of  the  strands  takes  the 

direction  of  a  right-hand  screw  thread. 
Reel.     A  round  cylindrical  wooden  drum   with  two 

flanges  around  which  wire  rope  is  wound  for  shipping 

and  storage  purposes. 
Reverse  Bending.     Consists  in  passing  of  a  wire 

rope  over  sheaves  in  different  directions  so  that  it 

alternates  the  strain  in  the  wires  from  tension  to 

compression,  a  condition  very  destructive  to  life  of  a 

wire  rope. 
Reverse  Laid.     Alternate  right  and  left  lay  strands 

in  a  wire  rope. 
Reverse   Laid   Rope.      A  wire  rope  with  alternate 

strands,  right  and  left  lay. 


242 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Rheostat  Rope.  A  small  rope  consisting  of  eight 
strands  of  seven  wires,  used  to  operate  controllers  on 
electric  cars. 

Right  Lay.  Known  also  as  regular  lay.  Strands 
twisted  to  the  right  and  rope  twisted  to  the  left. 
Corresponds  to  a  right-hand  screw  thread. 

Right  Twist.  Corresponds  to  left  lay,  or  to  a  left- 
hand  screw  thread. 

Rope  Clips.  A  light  compact  fastening  consisting  of 
U-bolt,  casting  and  two  nuts  for  clamping  together 
ends  of  a  wire  rope  to  make  a  loop,  etc.  The  best 
type  is  known  as  the  Crosby  Clip. 

Rope  Clamps.  Consist  of  two  castings  and  two  or 
three  bolts  for  clamping  together  the  ends  of  a  wire 
rope  to  make  a  loop. 

Rope  Dressing.  Any  compound  applied  to  a  wire 
rope  for  lubricating  or  preserving  it. 

Rope  Drive.  Term  applied  to  wire  rope  application 
for  power  transmission. 

Rope  Laid.  A  term  applied  to  a  rope  composed  of  a 
number  of  small  ropes  laid  together  into  a  larger 
rope.  Also  applied  to  a  rope  composed  of  the  ordin- 
ary number  of  strands  and  wires  in  contradistinction 
to  concentric  laid. 

Rope  Lubricant.  A  mixture  having  for  its  base  an 
oil  or  grease  adapted  to  reducing  friction  on  a  wire 
rope,  particularly  in  passing  over  sheaves  or  drums. 

Rope  Wire.  A  general  term  for  wire  used  in  making 
wire  rope,  but  usually  means  crucible  or  plow  steel 
grades. 

Running  Rope.  A  flexible  rope  used  largely  on  ship- 
board usually  composed  of  six  strands,  twelve  wires 
each  and  seven  hemp  cores. 

Sag.     Amount  of  deflection  at  center  of  a  cable  span 

when  both  ends  of  cable  are  at  same  level. 
Selvage.     An  early  type  of  wire  rope  not  used  now. 

It  consists  of  a  bundle  of  straight  wires. 
Sand  Line.     A  small  rope  of  six  strands,  seven  wires, 

used  for  pumping  out  sand  and  water  from  oil  wells 

during  the  process  of  drilling. 
Sash  Cord.     A  small  rope  consisting  of  six  strands, 

seven  wires,  one  hemp  core,  used  for  window  weights, 

car  curtains,  etc  ;  sizes  %  inch  and  smaller.     Is  used 

galvanized  or  plain. 
Scale   Patent.      A  special  strand  and  construction 

made  in  one  operation  consisting  of  one  large  center 

wire  surrounded  by  nine  small  wires  and  then  by  nine 

large  wires,  making  nineteen  in  all. 
Seize.     To  wrap  or  wind  closely  with  wires  or  marline, 


e.  g.,  a  thimble  splice  is  seized. 
eizit 


Seizing  Strand.  A  small  galvanized  seven-wire 
strand  used  on  shipboard  for  serving  rope  splices, 
usually  made  l/$  inch  diameter  and  smaller. 

Semaphore  Strand.  A  signal  strand  used  on  rail- 
roads to  operate  signals,  and  made  of  galvanized 
wires. 

Serve.  To  wrap  closely  with  marline,  wire  or  strand. 
All  thimble  and  eye  rope  splices  are  sewed. 

Sewing  Wire.  A  soft  iron  wire  for  sewing  flat 
ropes. 

Shackles.  A  U-shaped  clevis  with  pin  for  fastening 
for  connecting  two  pieces  of  wire  rope. 

Shears.  Machinery  arranged  in  connection  with  wire 
rope  for  hoisting  materials  in  bulk.  An  indefinite 
term  for  a  semi-derrick  apparatus. 

Sheave.  A  round  grooved  wheel  around  which  a 
wire  rope  is  passed  on  machinery. 

Ship's  Rigging.  A  term  applied  usually  to  a  gal- 
vanized rope  of  six  strands,  seven  wires,  one  hemp 
core  which  is  used  for  guying  masts,  etc. 

Side  Line.  A  wire  rope  used  to  move  logs  sidewise 
in  connection  with  a  ground  skidder. 

Siemens  Martin  Steel.  A  grade  of  steel  interme- 
diate in  strength  between  iron  and  crucible  steel. 
Used  largely  for  special  grade  of  strand  known  as 
S.  M.  strand. 

Signal  Strand.  Unusually  consists  of  a  seven-wire 
galvanized  strand. 

Single  Galvanized  Strand.  Strand  made  from  sin- 
gle galvanized  wire. 

Single  Switch  Rope.  A  switch  rope  with  hook  in 
one  end  and  one  link  in  the  other  end. 

Sisal.  A  hemp  fiber  prepared  from  the  Agave  Amer- 
icans or  American  aloe.  It  is  a  cactus  growing  in 
Yucatan  and  is  named  from  the  port  of  Sisal. 


Sister  Hooks.  A  pair  of  hooks,  right  and  left  hand, 
arranged  to  prevent  the  hooks  from  slipping  out 
under  load.  Used  largely  for  electric  cable  instal- 
lation in  underground  ducts. 

Skidding  Line.     A  wire  rope  used  for  skidding  logs. 

Skidding  Hachine.  A  machine  used  for  logging 
purposes. 

Skip  Hoist.  A  term  applied  to  apparatus  on  a  blast 
furnace  for  charging  it  with  ore,  coke  and  limestone. 

Skip  Rope.  A  wire  rope  attached  to  a  skip  or  car  in 
a  mine  or  blast  furnace  hoist. 

Sling.  A  short  piece  of  wire  rope  especially  equipped 
for  binding  together  or  holding  any  load  that  is  to  be 
hoisted  or  moved  from  one  point  to  another  by  means 
of  derrick  crane  or  other  appliance.  Sometimes 
made  endless. 

Snatch  Block.  A  quickly  detachable  wire  rope  block 
used  in  lumbering  for  side  lining  purposes. 

Socket.  A  rope  fastening  device  consisting  of  a  cast- 
ing or  forging  with  a  tapered  conical  hole  into  which 
the  end  of  a  wire  rope  is  spread  out  and  held  by  fill- 
ing the  interstices  with  babbitt,  lead  or  zinc,  the 
latter  material  preferred.  The  best  known  type  of 
rope  fastening,  as  well  as  the  strongest  and  most 
efficient. 

Span.  The  distance  between  the  supporting  points  of 
a  wire  cable  suspended  between  two  towers. 

Special  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope.  A  wire  rope  con- 
sisting of  six  strands,  thirty-seven  wires  and  one 
hemp  core. 

Splice.  The  method  of  uniting  two  separate  pieces  of 
wire  rope,  or  of  making  an  eye  or  loop  in  the  end  of 
the  same. 

Spud  Rope.  A  wire  rope  used  for  raising  and  lower- 
ing the  spuds  on  a  dredge  boat. 

Standing  Rope.  Another  term  applied  to  galvanized 
guy  rope  which  consists  of  six  strands,  seven  wires, 
one  hemp  core. 

Step  Socket.  A  series  of  sockets,  one  behind  the 
other,  for  fastening  successive  layers  of  wires  on  a 
tramway  strand.  Used  principally  one  interlocked 
strand,  although  not  necessary  as  ordinary  bridere 
socket  will  hold. 

Stone  Sawing  Strand.  A  short  lay  three-ply  strand 
for  sewing  limestone  rock. 

Strand,  n  and  v.  A  geometrically  arranged  and 
helically  and  regularly  twisted  assembly  of  wires. 
To  strand  is  to  become  untwisted  or  opened  up. 

Stranded.  The  state  of  having  become  loosened  up 
or  untwisted  as  applied  to  a  strand. 

Street  Railway  Cable.  A  wire  cable  used  for  street 
railway  purposes. 

Stump  Pulling  Rope.     Otherwise  known  as  grubber 

Sucker  Rod.  A  heavy  seven-wire  galvanized  strand 
used  for  operating  a  number  of  oil  well  pumps  from 
a  central  power  plant. 

Suction  Dredge.  A  dredge  consisting  of  a  rotary 
cutter  for  churning  up  mud  and  rock,  and  suction 
pumps  for  carrying  the  mud  to  spoil  point.  Operated 
by  two  wire  ropes  known  as  swinging  cables. 

Suspended  Skidder.  A  type  of  overhead  skidder 
used  in  lumbering  operations. 

Suspension  Bridge.  A  bridge  held  or  carried  by 
two  or  more  cables,  e.  g.,  Brooklyn  bridge,  etc. 

Suspension  Bridge  Cable.  A  cable  used  in  con- 
struction of  a  suspension  bridge  consisting  in  large 
sizes  of  straight  wires  laid  parallel  and  bound  together. 
They  are  usually  constructed  in  position. 

Swinging  Cable.  Wire  rope  used  for  swinging 
dredges,  steam  shovels,  etc. 

Swinging  Rope.     Same  as  swinging  cable. 

Switching  Rope.  A  short  length  of  rope  equipped 
with  hook  one  end  and  link  other  end,  or  with  hook 
and  link  one  end  and  double  link  other  end,  used  for 
railroad  shipping. 

Swivel  Socket.     A  socket  with  swivel  eye  in  the  end. 

Tackle  Block.     A  collection  of  sheaves  around  which 

a  wire  rope  is  passed. 
Tag  Line.     A  light  wire  rope  used  in  lumbering  to 

return  the  skidding  line. 
Tail  Rope.     A  wire  rope  used  in  mine  haulage  for 

pulling  the  head  rope  back  into  the  mine. 
Tail  Sheaves.     A  sheave  for  taking  up  slack  in  a 

wire  rope  system. 


American    Wire    Rope 


243 


Taper  Rope.  A  wire  rope  made  of  gradually  de- 
creased size  of  wire.  A  beautiful  theory  but  very  bad 
practice  commercially. 

Thimble.  An  oval  steel  reinforcement  piece  around 
which  a  wire  rope  is  bent  when  splicing  an  eye  in  a 
piece  of  rope.  It  also  serves  as  a  protector  against 
internal  chafing  from  pin  which  goes  through  the  eye. 

Tightener.  A  sheave  used  for  taking  up  slack  on  a 
wire  rope  drive. 

Tiller  Rope.  A  rope  consisting  of  six  ropes  of  six 
strands  each,  seven  wires  and  seven  hemp  cores  used 
originally  for  steering  gear  on  boats  but  now  almost 
exclusively  for  hand  ropes  or  elevators. 

Tinned  Rope.  A  wire  rope  composed  of  tinned  wires. 
Rarely  made  and  used  only  in  sash  cord. 

Torsion.    The  twisting  of  a. wire  about  its  neutral  axis. 

Towing  Hawser.  A  large  flexible  wire  rope  made 
of  galvanized  wires.  Usual  construction,  6  x  37  or 
6x24. 

Track  Strand.  A  concentric  type  of  strand  used  for 
cableway  spans.  Made  with  a  smooth  outside  surface 
for  wheels  to  run  on. 

Trail  Carrier.  A  device  for  supporting  inhaul  and 
outhaul  ropes  on  a  wire  rope  cableway  to  prevent 
undue  sagging. 

Tramway.  A  combination  wire  rope  system  for 
transferring  material  in  frequent  small  amounts  con- 
tinuously. 

Transmission  Rope.  A  wire  rope  composed  of  six 
strands,  seven  wires  each  and  one  hemp  core.  Also 
a  rope  spliced  endless  for  transmitting  power  from  a 
distance. 

Traveller.  A  block  containing  supporting  sheaves 
and  rope  sheaves  for  use  on  cableway  or  ferry. 

Triangular  Flattened  Strand  Rope.  A  six-strand 
Lang  lay  rope  with  a  triangular  center  wire  around 
which  the  strand  is  twisted. 

Trolley.  A  combination  carriage  used  on  a  cableway 
for  running  back  and  forth  on  the  main  cable. 

Trolley  Rope.  A  wire  rope  used  to  operate  a  trolley 
or  carrier  on  a  cableway  or  similar  apparatus. 

Tubing  Lines.  Wire  rope  used  for  placing  oil  well 
tubing. 

Tuck.  The  finishing  operation  of  a  wire  rope  splice 
consisting  of  inserting  the  strand  into  the  center  of 
the  rope. 


Turnbuckle.  Two  nuts  connected  by  two  bars,  one 
with  right  and  one  with  left-hand  threaded  nuts ;  and 
bolts  equipped  with  eyes,  clevises  or  hooks  for  taking 
up  slack  in  cables  and  similar  work. 

Twist.     To  form  a  strand  or  rope. 

Twisted.  Any  collection  of  wires  or  strands  formed 
helically  together. 

Universal  Lay.     Another  name  for  Lang  lay. 

Warrington  Lay.     Known  also  as  three-size  wire 

construction. 
Whipping.     The   undue  and  violent  slapping  back 

and  forth  of  a  wire  rope  when  in  motion. 
Wire  Cable.     A  geometrically  arranged  collection  of 

wires  into  strands  evenly  and  helically  twisted  and 

the  assembly  of  strand  helically  into  a  wire  rope  or 

cable. 
Wire  Center.    An  arrangement  of  wires  replacing  the 

hemp  core  under  certain  very  severe   conditions. 

Sometimes  made  of  a  single  strand  of  7,  19  or  37 

wires,  but  it  is  preferred  to  make  it  of  a  rope  6x7, 

7  x  7,  6  x  19  or  7  x  19,  etc. 
Wire  Rope.    A  collection  of  strands  helically  twisted 

with  a  uniform  pitch  about  a  central  axis  or  core, 

each  strand  consisting  of  a  plurality  of  wire  twisted 

helicaiiy  with  a  uniform  pitch  around  a  central  axis 

or  core. 
Wire  Rope  Preservative.    Any  compound  designed 

for  application  to  a  wire  rope  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
venting rust  or  corrosion. 
Working    Load.      Breaking  strength   of    the    rope 

divided  by  the  safety  factor  used,  which  runs  from  5 

to  10  on  wire  rope  applications. 
Wrecking  Rope.     A  short  piece  of  strong  wire  rope 

equipped  with  extra  heavy  wire   rope  fittings  for 

wrecking  purposes  on  railroad  work. 

Yacht  Rigging.  Galvanized  wire  rope  either  of  six 
strands,  seven  wires,  or  six  strands,  nineteen  wires, 
any  size  used  for  guys,  etc.,  on  yachts,  ships,  der- 
ricks, etc. 

Yarding  Lines.  Short  pieces  of  wire  rope  used  in 
connection  with  skidding  machinery  for  piling  the 
skidded  logs  ready  for  loading. 


244 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


Ind 


ex 


PAGE 
Aeroplanes 73 

Aeroplane  Strand 183 

Alignment  of  Sheaves  and  Drums  .     .       68 

A.  S.  &  W.  Shield  Filler 199 

Arc  Light  Rope 184 


Back  Haul  Derrick 83 

Balanced  Mine  Hoists,  Vertical,  with 

Flat  and  Conical  Drums      .     .     .     107 

Ballast  Unloader  Rope 103 

Bending  Stress  Curves      ....       42-46 
Bending  Stress  Tables      ....       35-41 

Bending  Stresses 31 

Breaking  Strength  of  Wire  Rope    .     .       10 

Bridge  Cables 181 

Bridge  Sockets,  Open  and  Closed  .     .     208 
Bridges,  Suspension 116 


Cable  Roads 77 

Cableways 74 

Casing  Lines 134 

Clamps 205 

Clam  Shell  Buckets 77 

Closed  Sockets 206 

Closed  Bridge  Sockets  .  .  .  .  .208 

Clothes  Lines 192 

Closed  Sockets,  Loose  and  Fastened  .  206 

Coal  Dock  Haulage  Roads  ....  79 

Coal  Handling  Machinery  ....  102 

(Constructions  of  Wire  Rope)  ...  14 

Constructions  of  Strands 14 

Constructions  of  Ropes 16 

Crane  Derrick 84 

Crane  Rope 138 

Cranes 81 

Crosby  Clips 204 

Crucible  Cast  Steel  Extra  Flexible 

Hoisting  Rope 134 

Crucible  Cast  Steel  Haulage  Rope  .  122 

Crucible  Cast  Steel  Hoisting  Rope  .  129 
Crucible  Cast  Steel  Special  Hoisting 

Rope 139 

Crucible  Cast  Steel  Standing  Rope  .  122 
Crucible  Cast  Steel  Transmission 

Rope 122 

Crucible  Cast  Steel  Wire  11 


Dead  and  Live  Loads      .     . 

Derricks 

Derrick  Guys 

Dictionary  of  Wire  Rope  Terms 
Double  Galvanized  Strand 


PAGE 

30 

83 

60 

240 

185 


Dredges,  Large,  Medium,  Suction  and 

Bucket  Types 93-95 

Drilling  Lines  for  Oil  Wells  .     .     .   123-130 


Jilasticity  of  Wire  Rope 47 

Electric  Geared  Elevators  ....  89 
Elevators,  Hydraulic,  Electric  and 

Power  Driven 86-91 

Electric  Traction  Elevators  ....  91 
Electric  Traveling  Cranes  ....  81 
Endless  Haulage  Systems  ....  110 
Extra  Galvanized  Extra  High  Strength 

Strand 186 

Extra  Galvanized  High  Strength  Strand  186 
Extra  Galvanized  Siemens  Martin 

Strand 186 

Extra  Galvanized  Strand 185 

Extra  Flexible  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

Hoisting  Rope 134 

Extra  Flexible  Extra  Strong  Crucible 

Cast  Steel  Hoisting  Rope  .  .  .  135 
Extra  Flexible  Monitor  or  Improved 

Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope  ...  137 
Extra  Flexible  Plow  Steel  Hoisting 

Rope 136 

Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

Haulage  Rope 123 

Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

Hoisting  Rope 130 

Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

Special  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope  .  140 
Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

Standing  Rope 123 

Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

Transmission  Rope 123 

Extra  Strong  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

Wire 12 

Extra  Special  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope  143 


.r  actors  of  Safety 
Ferries 


64 
96 


American   Wire    Rope 


245 


PAGE 

Flat  Rope  Construction 23 

Flat  Rope 198 

Flat  Rope  Sockets 210 

Flattened  Strand  Rope 144 

Flattened  Strand  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

Hoisting  Rope 152 

Flattened  Strand  Crucible  Cast  Steel 

Haulage  Rope 147 

Flattened  Strand  Extra  Strong  Crucible 

Cast  Steel  Hoisting  Rope  ...  153 
Flattened  Strand  Extra  Strong  Crucible 

Cast  Steel  Haulage  Rope  .  .  .  148 

Flattened  Strand  Hoisting  Rope  .  .  150 

Flattened  Strand  Haulage  Rope  .  .  145 
Flattened  Strand  Monitor  Haulage 

Rope 149 

Flattened  Strand  Monitor  Hoisting 

Rope 154 

Flattened  Strand  Rope  Constructions  21 

Flattened  Strand  Iron  Haulage  Rope  146 

Flattened  Strand  Iron  Hoisting  Rope  151 


Galvanized  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Yacht 

Rigging  or  Guy  Rope  .... 
Galvanized  High  Strength  Aeroplane 

Strand     ......... 

Galvanized  Iron  and  Crucible  Cast 

Steel  Running  Rope  .  .  .  . 
Galvanized  Iron  Ships  Rigging  or  Guy 

Rope  .......... 

Galvanized  Mast  Arm  or  Arc  Light 

Rope  .......... 

Galvanized  Sash  Cord       ..... 

Galvanized  Siemens  Martin  Strand  . 
Galvanized  or  Tinned  Flexible  Aero- 

plane or  Motor  Boat  Cord  .  .  . 
Galvanized  Special  Strands  .... 
Galvanized  Steel  Cables  for  Suspen- 

sion Bridges     ....... 

Galvanized  Steel  Deep  Sea  Towing 

Hawsers,  6x37    ...... 

Galvanized  Steel  Hawsers  and  Moor- 

ing Lines,  6  x  24    ...... 

Galvanized  Steel  Hawsers  and  Moor- 

ing Lines,  6  x  12    ...... 

Galvanized  Ropes    ....... 

Galvanized  Strand  ....... 

Galvanized  Wire  Rope  ..... 


176 
183 
177 
175 

184 
182 

186 

183 
189 

181 

18° 
!79 

178 
172 
185 
172 


PAGB 

Gravity  Inclined  Plane 77 

Ground  Skidder 106 

Guy  Factors 61 

Guying  for  Derricks,  Ships    Rigging, 

etc 98-99 

Guy  Rope 1 75 

Handling  of  Wire  Rope 69 

Hand  Rope 155 

Haulage  Rope,  6x7 120 

Haulage  Rope  (Flattened  Strand)       .  145 

Hawsers,  6  x  37 l&Jjj 

Hawsers,  6x24 179J 

Hawsers,  6x12 178  [ 

Hoisting  Rope  (Standard,  6x19).     .  126 

Hoisting  Rope  (Flattened  Strand)       .  150 

Hoisting  Rope  (Special  Flexible,  6x37)  138 

Hoisting  Rope  (Extra  Flexible,  8  x  19)  133 

Hoisting  Rope  (Galvanized,  6  x  19)     .  176 

Hook  and  Chain 210 

Hook  and  Thimble 214 

Hook  and  Sockets 213 

Hook,  Swivel  and  Thimble  ....  211 

Horizontal  Plunger  Elevators     ...  88 

How  to  Order  Wire  Rope     ....  71 

Hydraulic  Elevators 85 

How  to  Gage  Wire  Rope      ....  67 

Inclined  Cable  Ropes 77 

Inclines  and  Slopes 49 

Interlocked  Track  Strand      ....  191 

Iron 11 

Iron  Haulage  Rope,  5x9      .     .     .     .  145 

Iron  Haulage  Rope,  6  x  7      ....  121 

Iron  Hoisting  Rope,  6x19.     .     .     .  127 

Iron  Hoisting  Rope,  5  x  27    .     .     .     .  151 

Iron  Standing  Rope 121 

Iron  Transmission  Rope 121 

Lang  Lay  Rope 25 

Lay  of  Rope 25 

Lead  of  Rope 68 

Left  Lay  Rope 26 

Loading  and  Unloading  Machinery  .  102 

Locomotive  Cranes 82 

Locomotive  Switching  Ropes,  Single 

and  Double  Fittings 216 

Locomotive  Wrecking  Ropes,  Single 

and  Double  Fittings 218 


246 


American  Steel  and  Wire  Company 


PAGE 


Log  Loaders 106 

Lumbering,   including     Skidding    and 

Loading 104 

Lubrication  of  Wire  Rope     ....  70 


PAGE 

Plow  Steel  Transmission  Rope,  6x7.     124 
Plow  Steel  Standing  Rope,  6x7     .     .     124 

Plow  Steel  Wire 12 

Pulling-in  Cables 229 


IManila   Rope    Compared   with  Wire 

Rope 236 

Mast  Arm  Rope 174 

Materials  in  Wire  Rope 11 

Mild  Steel  Elevator  Rope     ....  128 

Mining  Rope  Arrangements  ....  107 

Monitor  Haulage  Rope 125 

Monitor  Hoisting  Rope 132 

Monitor  Extra  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope  137 
Monitor    Special     Flexible     Hoisting 

Rope 142 

Monitor  or  Improved  Plow  Steel    .     .  12 

Monitor  Wire 12 

Mooring  Hawsers,  6x12 178 

Multiple  Sheave  Blocks 59 


Non-spinning  Hoisting  Rope,  Crucible 

Cast  Steel .158 

Non-spinning  Extra  Strong  Crucible 

Cast  Steel 159 

Non-spinning  Hoisting  Rope,  Monitor     161 

Non-spinning  Hoisting  Rope,  Plow 

Steel  160 

Non-spinning  Hoisting  Rope,  Iron     .     157 


Oil  Well  Drilling 114 

Open  Bridge  Sockets 209 

Open  Sockets,  Loose  and  Attached     .  207 

Ore  Unloading  Machinery     ....  102 

Ore  Dock  Haulage  Ropes     ....  78 

Overhead  Skidders 104 

Overwinding 68 


Pile  Drivers,  Rope  for 129 

Plow  Steel 12 

Plow  Steel  Haulage  Rope,  6x7  .  .  124 

Plow  Steel  Hoisting  Rope,  6x19  .  .  131 
Plow  Steel  Extra  Flexible  Hoisting 

Rope,  8  x  19 136 

Plow  Steel  Special  Flexible  Hoisting 

Rope,  6x37 144 


Quarry  Derrick       .......  84 

Range  of  Rope  Application       ...  27 

Regular  Lay  Rope 26 

Renewal  of  Sheaves 68 

Reverse  Bending 68 

Reverse  Lay  Rope  .......  26 

Right  Lay  Rope 26 

Rope  Exposed  to  Moisture,  Heat,  etc.  70 

Rope  Reels,  Capacities  of      ....  238 

Rope  Reels,  Sizes  of 239 

Round  Track  Strand 199 

Running  Rigging     .......  177 

Sand  Lines    .     . 123 

Sash  Cord 182 

Seale  Patent  Rope 17 

Sewing  Wire  for  Flat  Rope  ....  195 

Shackles,  Plain  and  Galvanized       .     .  222 

Sheaves  and  Drums 67 

Sheaves  and  Wire  Rope  Blocks      .     .  224 

Ships  Rigging,  Galvanized  Iron      .     .  175 

Siemens  Martin  Strand 186 

Single  Galvanized  Strand       ....  185 
Sister  Hooks  and  Thimble,  Loose  and 

Attached 215 

Skidding  Machines,  Single  and  Double 

Slings 227 

Slopes 49 

Socket  with  Chain 210 

Sockets,  Open  and  Closed     ....  206 

Sockets,  Bridge  Type 208 

Spans 53 

Special  Constructions 20 

Speed  of  Wire  Rope 69 

Special  Extra  Galv'd  Strands     ...  189 

Special  Flexible  Hoisting  Rope,  6  x  37  138 

Special  Wire  Rope  Fasteners     .     .      .  227 

Splicing  Endless,  etc 226 

Splicing  Wire  Rope,  Instructions   .     .  230 

Standard  Hoisting  Rope,  6  x  19       .     .  126 
Standard  Breaking  Strengths  of  Wire 

Rope 10 

Standing  Rope 120 


American  Wire  Rope 


247 


PAGE 

Steam  Shovels 92 

Steel  Clad  Hoisting  Rope,  6  x  19  .     .  162 

Steel  Clad  Hoisting  Rope,  6  x  37  .     .  167 

Steel  Clad  Hoisting  Rope,  6  x  61   .     .  171 

Step  Socket 210 

Stone  Sawing  Strand 184 

Strands,  Construction  of 14 

Stresses  Due  to  Shocks  on  Wire  Rope  47 

Stress  Limitations  of  Machinery     .     .  58 

Stresses  Due  to  Bending  .....  31 

Stresses  Due  to  Dead  and  Live  Loads  30 

Stresses  in  Multiple  Sheave  Blocks     .  59 

Stresses  in  Wire  Rope  Guys      ...  60 

Stresses  Imposed  by  Machinery     .     .  58 

Stresses  in  Spans 53 

Stresses  in  Wire  Rope 30 

Stresses  Due  to  Shocks 30 

Stresses  of  Inclines  and  Slopes       .     .  49 
Stresses  of  Acceleration  and  Retarda- 
tion      47 

Stump  Pulling 117 

Sudden  Stresses 69 

Suggestions  to  Wire  Rope  Users  .     .  67 

Suspension  Bridges 116 

Switching  Ropes,  Single  and  Double 

Fittings 216 

Swivel  Hook  and  Socket  212 


Tail  Rope  Haulage  Systems     .     .     .  112 

Telephone  Clamps 205 

Testing  of  Rope  and  Wire      ....  10 
Thimbles,  Loose,  Regular  and   Extra 

Large 202 


PAGE 

Thimbles,  Spliced  In 203 

Tiller  Rope 155 

Towing  Devices 118 

Track  Strand,  Round  and  Locked  .  .  24 
Track  Strand  for  Aerial  Tramways, 

Round 190 

Track  Strand  for  Aerial  Tramways, 

Locked 191 

Tramways 76 

Transmission  Rope,  6x7.  ;  .  .  .  120 

Transmission  Rope,  5x9 145 

Turnbuckles  with  Eyes,  Hooks  and 

Clevis  End .  221 


TT  eights  of  Miscellaneous  Substances  235 

Whiting  Hoist  . 109 

Wire  Rope  Blocks 224 

Wire  Rope  Clamps 205 

Wire  Rope  Clips 204 

Wire  Rope  Lists 119 

Wire  Rope  Transmission  ....  234 

Working  Loads 70 

Worm  Geared  Elevator,  Electric  and 

Belt  Driven 86-91 

Wrecking  Trains 103 

Wrecking  Ropes,  Single  and  Double 

Fittings 218 


Yacht  Rope a     .     .     176 

Yarder  for  Logs      ...     ....     106 


248  American   Steel    and   Wire    Company 


Products   of   the 

American 
!ire 


Americore  Rubber  Covered  Wire 
American  Wire  Rope 

Aeroplane  Wire  and  Strand 
Piano  Wire 

Mattress  Wire 
Weaving  Wire 
Broom  Wire 
Fence  Wire 

Flat  Wire— Flat  Cold  Rolled  Steel 
Spoke  Wire  for  Wire  Wheels 

Wire  Hoops 

Nails,  Staples,  Spikes         Electrical  Wires  and  Cables 
Barbed  Wire  Rail  Ronds 

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